1. Respiratory System

2. Respiration Respiration Two types
Unconscious exchange of air between lungs and the external environment
Breathing
Two types
External
Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment and the organism
Internal
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between internal body fluids (Ex: blood and individual cells)

3. Gases of Respiration Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Gas exchange
Breathed into the lungs (O2)
Body has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Exhaled out of the lungs
CO2
Gas exchange
Transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the exhaled air

4. Structures to know Nose/mouth Cilia Pharynx
Route to take in O2 and expel CO2. mucous membranes warm and humidify air
Cilia
Tiny hairs that protect the nasal passages, trachea and bronchi
Move back and forth as air is inhaled, pushing foreign particles (dust) toward the nostrils or pharynx
Pharynx
Throat

5. Structures to Know Larynx - voicebox Trachea Bronchus (plural bronchi)
Windpipe
Connects the pharynx to the lungs
Wrapped in cartilage for protection
Bronchus (plural bronchi)
The trachea divides into two main bronchi (left mainstem and right mainstem)
Main airways within the lungs
Bronchioles
Branch off of the bronchi.
Do not contain cartilage
Small airways within the lungs

6. Structures to know Alveolar sacs Lungs
Located at the end of the bronchioles
Look like a bunch of grapes
Surrounded by capillaries
Site of gas exchange
Lungs
Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes
Why is the left lung smaller than the right?

7. Normal lung structure

8. Normal vs. Abnormal lung structure

9. Diagnostic Terms Auscultation Percussion Sputum
Listening to sounds within the body using a stethoscope
Percussion
Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying tissue
“is the underlying tissue solid or filled with air?
Lungs should sound hollow when tapping over them; should NOT sound solid
Sputum
Mucous expelled from the respiratory tract mixed with saliva
Able to make diagnoses based on color and composition of sputum

10. Diagnostic Terms Rales Wheezing
Clicking, rattling and crackling noises
Caused by the opening of small airways (alveoli collapse by fluid or lack of air)
Heard during inspiration where there is fluid or pus in the alveoli
Cause: pneumonia, bronchitis
Wheezing
Whistling sound caused by bronchial airways being narrowed or obstructed
Cause: asthma, bronchitis

11. Diagnostic Terms cont’d.
Rhonchi
Coarse rattling sound (like snoring) caused by sputum in the bronchial airways
Heard during inhalation and exhalation
Cause: bronchitis

12. Diagnostic Test Chest X ray (CXR)
X ray of the thoracic region of the body to look for lung problems (pathology)
Diagnose pneumonia, TB, asthma

13. Pathology of the Respiratory System

14. Terms to know Hypoxemia - low levels of oxygen in the blood
Dyspnea - difficult, painful breathing
Shortness of breath (SOB) - difficulty “catching” your breath
Intubation - placement of an endotracheal (ET) tube into the trachea of a person who is unable to breathe on their own

15. Intubation video

16. Upper Respiratory Disorders
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
The common cold, Viral illness, highly contagious
Lasts for a week
Symptoms: runny nose, cough, fever, sore throat, congestion
Would antibiotics be effective as treatment? Why/why not?
Influenza
The flu, Viral illness, highly contagious
Symptoms: chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, fatigue
Annual vaccination is recommended for the elderly, health care workers, people with chronic diseases and pregnant women
Why is a vaccine needed every year?

17. Emphysema Chronic, no cure
Alveoli lose elasticity and deteriorate, CO2 becomes trapped in alveoli and they become over expanded, gas exchange is poor
Usually caused by heavy smoking
Symptoms: dyspnea, feeling of suffocation, barrel chest, chronic cough, cyanosis
Treatment: bronchodilators, oxygen, avoiding smoking, prompt treatment of infections

18. Smoker’s lung with emphysema
Normal lungs

19. Barrel chest

20. COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma and tuberculosis can lead to COPD
Smoking is the primary cause

21. Asthma
Airflow obstruction due to bronchospasm, swelling of the bronchioles and/or bronchi, and increased mucous in the airways.
Bronchospasm: severe contraction of smooth muscle covering bronchioles/bronchi
Symptoms: wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, SOB
Reversible with inhaled medications that relieve the bronchospasm

22. Asthma

23. Procedures Bronchoscopy Tracheostomy
A bronchoscope (camera) is inserted into the airways through the nose or mouth so the doctor may look for abnormalities within the bronchi.
Tracheostomy
An airway is created by making an incision into the trachea through the neck
Used as an emergency or a permanent fix