1. Mythbusters de-bunk the sneeze
Mythbusters de-bunk the sneeze

3. Respiratory System

4. Respiration
The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
3 basic processes:
Pulmonary ventilation-inspiration/expiration
External respiration-lungs/blood
Internal respiration-blood/cells

5. Upper respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx
Associated structures

6. Lower respiratory system
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

7. Conducting Portion Conduct air into the lungs: Nose Pharynx Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

8. Respiratory Portion Site of gas exchange. Bronchioles Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

9. Medicinal Fields
Otorhinolaryngology- commonly known as ear, nose, and throat specialist.
Pulmonologist- dealing with diseases of the lungs.

10. Anatomy

11. Anatomy- MRI

12. Twitty and Sheens

15. Nose External nares or nostrils- bone, cartilage and mucous membrane
Internal nares- connects external portion with the pharynx
Nasal septum- perpendicular plate divides rt/lt sides ( ethmoid bone,vomer, and cartilage)
Conchae(turbinates) superior,middle,inferior- increase surface are for: warming, cleansing, and moistening

16. Nasal Cavity

17. Pharynx Also known as the throat
Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane
Nasopharynx- uppermost portion, hold adenoids, connects to Eustachian tubes ( equalize air pressure ), psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Oropharynx- middle portion, fauces (opening from the mouth), nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, both air + food
Laryngopharynx- lowest portion, connects to esophagus and the larynx, nonkeratinized stratified squamous, both air + food

18. Larynx http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcs

19. Larynx
Also known as voice box anterior to the C4-C6, connects the pharynx to the trachea
Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage
Thyroid cart. (Adam’s apple)- hyaline cart., forms front wall.
Epiglottis- elastic cart. Detours food and liquid into the esophagus.
Cricoid cart. Ring of hyaline cart. Attached to the first ring of cart. the top of the trachea

20. Larynx

21. LARYNX

22. Larynx

23. Larynx cont.
Arytenoid cart.- superior to the circoid, mostly hyaline, attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles.
False vocal cords- upper pair of folds in the mucous membrane of the larynx, do not produce sound.
True vocal cords- lower pair, produce sound.
Laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx, interferes with the contraction of the cords. Can be acute or chronic

24. Trachea Also known as windpipe Connects larynx to primary bronchi
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells.
cilia moves trapped particles upward
Cartilage layer C-shaped rings of hyaline cart.
Tracheostomy
Intubation

25. Tracheostomy and Intubation

26. Trachea

27. Bronchi Rt. + Lt. Primary Bronchus connect the trachea to the lungs.
Rt. side is shorter and more vertical
Incomplete rings of cart. lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Divide into secondary bronchi, which divide into tertiary bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, which divide into terminal bronchioles(all make up the bronchial tree)

28. Bronchial tree

29. Bronchi cont. Changes as the braching becomes more extensive:
1. rings of cart. are replaced with strips
2. strips of cart. disappear
3. amount of smooth muscle increases
4. epithelium becomes nonciliated cuboidal and later simple squamous at the terminal bronchioles.

30. Regulation of Bronchi
Parasympathetic and mediators of allergic reactions like histamine cause bronchiole constriction.
Sympathetic and epinephrine cause bronchiole dilation.
Asthma attack- bronchial smooth muscle spasm.

31. Lungs Paired , cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
Surrounded by a pleural membrane
Parietal-attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
Visceral- attached to the surface of the lung
Pleural cavity- space between the 2 linings
Pleurisy- inflammation of the pleural membrane

32. Lungs Anatomy Base- bottom Apex- top
Cardiac notch- concavity in left lung
Right side is thicker, broader, and shorter
Lobes in lungs divided by fissures
Left- oblique fissure
Right- oblique and horizontal
Each lobe receives it’s own secondary bronchus.
Left-superior and inferior bronchus
Right- superior, middle, and inferior bronchus

33. Lobules
Lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments supplied by it’s own tertiary bronchus.
Each of these segments is divided into small compartments- lobules.
Lobules each contain a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a terminal bronchiole wrapped in connective tissue

34. 25 levels of branching
Trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-terminal bronchioles-respiratory bronchioles-alveolar ducts-.

35. Alveoli

36. Lungs Gross Anatomy
Base- bottom
Apex- narrow top portion

37. Spirometers

38. Pulmonary Volumes

39. Emphysemas

41. Alveolus Alveolus- cup shaped projection
Alveolar sacs- 2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening.
Made up of 2 types of epithelial cells
1. Squamous pulmonary epithelial cells- simple squamous, sight of gas exchange.
2. Septal cells- rounded or cuboidal cells that produce a phospholipid substance called= surfactant.
* also include alveolar macrophages which remove dust particles and debris.

42. Pulmonary Ventilation
Breathing
Normal breathing=eupnea
Gas exchange between atmosphere and the alveoli.
All about pressure.

43. Inspiration Inhalation 1 atmosphere = 760 mm of Hg (at sea level)
Boyle’s Law= the volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure

44. Pulmonary Ventilation

45. Muscles in Inhalation Diaphragm- decreases pressure in the lungs.
External intercostals- elevate ribs
Accessory muscles: only play a role in labored inhalation
Sternocleidomastoid=elevate the sternum
Scalene muscles= elevate the first 2 ribs
Pectoralis minor= elevate the 3rd-5th ribs

46. Muscles in Exhalation Diaphragm and external intercostals relax.
During forceful exhalation the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract.