1. Early Urban Settlements

2. Early Cities First Urban Revolution
Urban Hearth Areas
Follows the same pattern as agricultural hearth areas
Areas: Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley, Egypt, & MesoAmerica
First Urban Revolution
Ancient cities were centers of religion, power & economics
The urban revolution occurred independently in many places and at many times. It seems to have developed first in Mesopotamia, in ancient Sumer, as early as 5000 years ago. Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley.
Leadership class developed
Population of cities was 10,000-15,000
Huang He=Yellow River
Add notes from Adalia’s slides

3. Urban Hearths Review Site and Situation
If you have time watch 1:55-4:52 Crash course Indus River Civilization- has description of Harappa

4. Ancient World Cities Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq)
Jericho 10,000 B.C.
Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq)
Walled cities based on agricultural trade
Ancient Ur in Iraq
Urban Morphology- form & structure of cities, incl. street patterns, size and shape
Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq)
Jericho 10,000 B.C.
Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq)
Walled cities based on agricultural trade
Ziggurat (stepped temple

5. Ancient World Cities E. Mediterranean Athens 2,500 B.C.
1st city to exceed 100,000
Many cities organized into City-States
Ancient Athens
urban settlements were primarily trading centers and organized into city-states- independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby countryside.
Athens was the largest city-state in Greece
Rome was believed to have grown to a population between 250,000 and 1 million.

6. Largest Ancient World Cities
Five Most Populous by A.D. 900
Baghdad (Iraq)
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Kyoto (Japan)
Changan (China)
Hangchow (China)
Among Largest Before Industrial Revolution:
Canton (China)
Beijing (China)
Agra (India)
Cairo (Egypt)
Isfahan (Iran)
Osaka (Japan)
Don’t write them down; just note regions
If you have time watch 1:55-4:52 Indus River Civilization- has description of Harappa

7. Medieval World Cities
After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe’s cities diminished or were even abandoned.
European Feudal Cities
Improved roads encouraged trade
Dense and compact
within defensive walls
Paris, France
European Feudal Cities
Begin in 11th Century
Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord.
Medieval city was bleak and grimy with narrow dangerous streets.
Unpaved streets provided poor sanitation
The tallest buildings were the Church & Castle
Cittadella, Italy

8. Colonial Cities Pre-Colonial Colonial Cities tend to be inland
Cities on coast
Gateway Cities – serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation
Colonial Cities- “Deliberately established or developed as administrative or commercial centers by colonial or imperial powers” Cape town, Lima, NYC
Cities that were on the coast prior to European colonialism gained new importance because their situation changed ex. Tokyo, Madras, Jakarta
Gateway cities- NYC, San Fran, Lima, Cape town

9. Industrialization
Second Urban Revolution prompted by second revolution in agriculture
Industrial Cities – fundamental reason for existence was to simply assemble, fabricate & distribute manufactured goods
Second Urban Revolution:
A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by:
1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus
2. industrialization, which encouraged rapid growth of cities near industrial resources- esp power sources
Manufacturing city (Industrial City) first developed in Britain, later Western Europe and North America.
A manufacturing city is a city formed in the industrial revolution. Rapidly growing factory system Many people lived in tenement slums built for workers. Roads were wider for commercial traffic. Land was separated into regular sized lots. Sanitary systems, water supplies and housing were overwhelmed with rapid growth and pollution.

10. Industrialization- Shock Cities
Chicago
1850
30,000
1880
500,000
1900
1,700,000
1930
3,300,000
Manchester, England
1750
15,000
1801
70,000
1861
500,000
1911
2,300,000

11. John Borchert’s “American Metropolitan Evolution”-4 (or 5) Stage model of evolution
Generalization of the historical growth of the us urban system
Based on key changes in energy and transportation technology
First Stage-Sail-Wagon Epoch ( )
Canal barge pulled by a horse in England
First Stage- slow, primitive overland and waterway transport-Boston, New York and Philadelphia were major cities oriented to European trade.

12. John Borchert’s “American Metropolitan Evolution-4 Stage model of evolution
Second Stage-Iron Horse Epoch ( )
Diffusion of steam-powered railroads
1830s version of the steam locomotive
railroads-coal mining-boomed,
tracks laid coast to coast-manufacturing spread outward from New England hearth-by 1850 New York was primate city with Pittsburgh, Detroit & Chicago growing rapidly

13. Coincided with the Industrial Revolution
Third Stage-Steel-Rail Epoch ( )
Coincided with the Industrial Revolution
1923 steam locomotive on narrow gauge track in Colorado Mts.
coincided with the Industrial Revolution
Steel industry in Chicago, Detroit & Pittsburgh
Coal & iron ore supply areas-northern Appalachia and Lake Superior (Mesabi) Agglomeration in raw materials and market location due to railroad. Steel replaced iron rails-safer-more powerful locomotives-larger freight cars & even refrigerated cars added.

14. Cars, trucks & planes Fourth Stage-Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)
Freeway interchange near Los Angeles-Pasadena to Santa Monica interchange
Schiphol airport outside of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Gasoline-powered internal combustion engines-truck based regional and metropolitan distribution of goods; increased automation of blue-collar jobs; shift to white-collar jobs; highways, expressways and jet aircraft made travel faster & cheaper; amenities of suburbs, Sunbelt;
New activities responded less to cost-distance factors

15. Fifth Stage?- (1970-Now) Greater dispersal of urban populations
Zenith plant in Reynosa, Mexico
decline of Rust belt continues;
high tech. will stimulate an even greater dispersal of city populations;
telecommuting, working from home, globalization and outsourcing change the way we work

16. What is a world city?

17. A world city is a city whose socioeconomics impact the entire world.

18. Where Are Business Services Distributed?
Hierarchy of Business Services
Business Services in Global Cities
Global cities or world cities are at the top of the urban settlement hierarchy.
Center of the flow of information and capital in the global economy.
Location of countless large corporations’ headquarters.
Global cities area divided into three levels: alpha, beta, and gamma, which, in turn, are further subdivided based on economic, political, cultural, and infrastructure factors.
Examples – alpha++ (New York) and alpha+ (Chicago)

19. Corporate headquarters for multinational corporations and financial institution
Stock Exchanges
Economic Characteristics
Active influence on international events.
A large population within the city
Hosting headquarters for international entities (NATO, World Bank)
Political Characteristics
First Name Familiarity
Renowned Cultural Institutions
Large Media Outlets
Cultural Characteristics
Well developed transportation
International Airport
Prominent Skylines
Infrastructure Characteristics

20. FIGURE Global Cities Global cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy. London and New York, the two dominant global cities, are ranked as alpha++. Other alpha, beta, and gamma global cities play somewhat less central roles in the provision of services than the two dominant global cities. Cities ranked alpha++ and alpha+ are labeled on the map.

21. FIGURE Global Cities In North America Atop the hierarchy of business services are New York and Chicago.

22. Mega city- A mega city is a city whose population is greater than 10 million people. There are over 25 of them today.

23. Top 10 Megacities Ranking City Country Region Population 1 Tokyo Japan
Asia
34,800,000 2
Guangzhou
China
31,700,000 3
Shanghai
28,900,000 4
Jakarta
Indonesia
26,400,000 5
Seoul
South Korea
25,800,000 6
Delhi
India
24,000,000 7
Mexico City
Mexico
North America
23,800,000 8
Karachi
Pakistan
22,700,000 9
Manila
 Philippines
22,200,000 10
New York City
United States
21,600,000

24. Review With a partner: Partner A:
Explain the 4(5) stages of Borchert’s model
Identify the early urban hearths
Partner B:
Explain what a global (world) city is and provide an example
Describe the Second Urban Revolution. Where did it start?
Read GITN: Growing Megacities and answer questions from handout
Watch:
(7:41 min)