1. Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions
Chapter 4

2. Learning Objectives Students understand
The law of the conservation of matter, which forms the basis of stoichiometry.
The meaning of a limiting reactant in a chemical reaction.

3. Learning Objectives Students will be able to
Perform stoichiometric calculations
Calculate theoretical and percent yields
Analyze mixtures of compounds or determine the formula
Define and use concentration
Use the relationship of pH and H3O+
Use spectrophotometry to determine concentration

4. 4.1 Mass Relationships
stoichiometric factor: a mole ratio based on the coefficients of reactants or products in the balanced equation
What mass of oxygen, O2, is required to completely combust 454 g of propane, C3H8? What masses of CO2 and H2O are produced?
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

5. Practice Problem
Aluminum reacts with Cl2 to form AlCl3. If you have 0.40 mol of Al, what amount (moles) of Cl2 is needed for a complete reaction?
Write the equation for the reaction between magnesium and oxygen. If you want 1.0g of MgO, what mass of Mg should you use?

6. 4.2 Limiting Reactants
A limiting reactant determines the amount of product formed.
Step 1: Find the amount of each reactant.
Step 2: What is the limiting reactant?
Step 3: Calculate the mass of product.
Step 4: Calculate the mass of excess reactant.

7. Limited Reactants
Pure silicon, required for computer chips and solar cells, is made by the reaction
SiCl4 + 2Mg  Si + 2MgCl2
If you begin with 225 g each of SiCl4 and Mg, which is the limiting reactant in this reaction? What quantity of Si, in grams, can be produced?

8. 4.3 Percent Yield % yield = actual yield x 100 theoretical yield
Methanol, CH3OH, can be burned in oxygen to provide energy, or it can be decomposed to form hydrogen gas, which can then be used as a fuel.
CH3OH  2H2 + CO
If 125 g of methanol is decomposed, what is the theoretical yield of hydrogen? If only 13.6 g of hydrogen is obtained, what is the percent yield of the gas?

9. 4.4 Quantitative Analysis
A substance of unknown concentration may be allowed to react with a known quantity of something else OR
An unknown substance can be converted to one or more substances of known composition (back track)

10. Chemical Analysis
One method for determining the purity of a sample of titanium (IV) oxide, TiO2, an important industrial chemical, is to combine the sample with bromine trifluoride.
3TiO2 + 4BrF3  3TiF4 + 2Br2 + 3O2
Oxygen gas is evolved quantitatively. The gas can be captured readily, and its mass can be determined. Suppose g of a TiO2-containing sample evolves g of O2. What is the mass percent of TiO2 in the sample?

11. Determining an Unknown Formula
The unknown pure compound is decomposed into known products.
The reaction products are isolated in pure form and the amount of each is determined.
The amount of each product is related to the amount of each element in the original compound to give the empirical formula.

12. Determining an Empirical Formula
A g sample of the unknown compound CxHy is burned in air to give g of CO2 and g of H2O. A separate experiment gave a molar mass for CxHy of 114 g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for the hydrocarbon.

13. Practice Problem
A g sample of an unknown organic compound containing C, H, and O was burned in air to give g of CO2 and g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of this compound?

14. 4.5 Concentrations of Compounds in Solution
1 mole element = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
1 mole molecular compound = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
1 mole ionic compound = 6.02 x 1023 formula units

15. Molarity Molarity = moles of solute per liter of solution
M = mol/L
Example: How would you prepare 2.00L of 0.250M NaOH from solid NaOH?

16. Molarity
Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, is used in baking powder formulations and in the manufacture of plastics and ceramics, among other things. If 26.3 g of the compound is dissolved in enough water to make exactly 200mL of solution, what is the molar concentration of NaHCO3? What are the concentrations of the ions?

17. Preparations of Known Solutions
An experiment in your laboratory requires 250.mL of a M solution of AgNO3. You are given solid AgNO3, distilled water, and a 250.mL volumetric flask. Describe how to make up the required solution.

18. Dilutions
M1V1 = M2V2
How would you prepare 2.00L of 0.250M NaOH from 1.00M NaOH?

19. Preparing a Solution by Dilution
In one of your laboratory experiments, you are given a solution of CuSO4 that has a concentration of 0.15M. If you mix 6.0mL of this solution with enough water to have a total volume of 10.0mL, what is the concentration of CuSO4 in this new solution?

20. Preparing a Solution by Dilution
An experiment calls for you to use 250. mL of 1.00M NaOH, but you are given a large bottle of 2.00M NaOH. Describe how to make the 1.00M NaOH in the desired volume.

21. 4.6 pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids and Bases
pH can be calculated directly from hydrogen ion concentration
pH = -log[H3O+]
Can use the antilog of pH to figure out hydrogen ion concentration
[H3O+] = 10-pH

22. pH What is the pH of a solution of HCl, where [HCl] = 2.6 x 10-2 M?
What is the hydrogen ion concentration in saturated calcium hydroxide with a pH of 12.45?
A g sample of HCl is dissolved in enough water to give 2.00x102 mL of solution. What is the pH?

23. 4.7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
If you combine 75.0 mL of 0.350M HCl and an excess of Na2CO3, what mass of CO2 (in grams) should be produced?

24. Titrations
A titration can be used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
A substance, present in unknown quantity, can be allowed to react with a known quantity of another substance.
If the stoichiometric ratio for their reaction is known, the unknown quantity can be determined.

25. Acid-Base Titrations
Acid-base indicators are used to tell when the reaction is complete.
When the solution changes color, the equivalence point (also called end point) has been reached. The amount of OH- equals the amount of H+.
Amount of base (mol) = conc. of base (M) x volume of base (L)

26. Acid-Base Titration
A 25.0 mL sample of vinegar requires mL of a M solution of NaOH for titration to the equivalence point. What mass (in grams) of acetic acid is in the vinegar sample, and what is the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar?
CH3CO2H + NaOH  NaCH3CO2 + H2O

27. Standardizing an Acid or Base
Often the concentration of the base is unknown and must be determined through standardization.
primary standard: a sample of solid acid or base which is titrated with a solution of the base or acid to be standardized
titrate with another solution that is already standardized

28. Standardization
Hydrochloric acid can be purchased from chemical supply houses with a concentration of 0.100M, and such a solution can be used to standardize the solution of a base. If titrating mL of a sodium hydroxide solution to the equivalence point requires 29.67mL of 0.100M mL, what is the concentration of the base?

29. Practice Problem
An unknown monoprotic acid reacts with NaOH according to the net ionic equation HA(aq) + OH-(aq)  A-(aq) + H2O(l) Calculate the molar mass of HA if g of the acid requires mL of M NaOH.

30. Redox Titrations
A sample containing vitamin C is titrated with Br2, an oxidizing agent.
C6H8O6 + Br2  2HBr + C6H6O6
A 1.00g “chewable” vitamin C tablet requires 27.85mL of 0.102M Br2 for titration to the equivalence point. What is the mass of vitamin C in the tablet?

31. Practice Problem
Case Study p. 173 – Forensic Chemistry: Titrations and Food Tampering

32. 4.8 Spectrophotometry
It is possible to measure the extent of light absorption through a solution that is colored, and then you can relate this to the concentration of the dissolved solute. This method of quantitatively measuring light absorption is called spectrophotometry.

33. Spectrophotometric Analysis
Record the absorption spectrum of the substance to be analyzed.
Choose the wavelength for the measurement.
Prepare a calibration curve (or plot).
Determine the concentration of the species of interest in other solutions.

34. Transmittance and Absorbance
Transmittance is the ratio of the amount of light transmitted by or passing through the sample relative to the amount of light that initially fell on the sample (the incident light).
Absorbance is defined as the negative log of the transmittance. As absorbance increases, transmittance decreases. Absorbance increases as concentration increases.

35. The Beer-Lambert law Absorbance increases as path length increases.
The amount of light absorbed by a solution can be used to determine the concentration of the absorbing molecule in that solution.
A = ε x l x c
where ε is the molar absorptivity

36. Practice Problem
Using the data on p. 177 “Check Your Understanding,” create a calibration curve for Cu2+(aq). Write the equation for your line and calculate the concentration of Cu2+(aq) in a solution if the absorbance is

37. Homework for Chapter 4
After reading chapter 4, you should be able to do the following…
P. 179g (80-81, 87, 89, 98-99, 117, 125, )