1. Chapter 16 Special Senses
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 16 Special Senses
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2. The Senses General senses of touch Special senses Temperature Pressure
Pain
Special senses
Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Equilibrium
Slide 8.1
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3. Chemical Senses – Taste and Smell
Both senses use chemoreceptors
Stimulated by chemicals in solution
Taste has four types of receptors
Smell can differentiate a large range of chemicals
Both senses complement each other and respond to many of the same stimuli
Slide 8.34
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4. Taste Sensations Sweet receptors Sugars Saccharine Some amino acids
Sour receptors
Acids
Bitter receptors
Alkaloids
Salty receptors
Metal ions
Umami (“taste good”)– elicited by the amino acid glutamate (MSG)
Slide 8.41
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5. The Sense of Taste Taste buds house the receptor organs
Location of taste buds
Most are on the tongue
Soft palate
Cheeks
Figure 8.18a, b
Slide 8.37
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6. The Tongue and Taste
The tongue is covered with projections called papillae
Filiform papillae – sharp with no taste buds
Fungifiorm papillae – rounded with taste buds
Circumvallate papillae – large papillae with taste buds
Taste buds are found on the sides of papillae
Slide 8.38
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7. Structure of Taste Buds
Gustatory cells are the receptors
Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva
Slide 8.39a
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9. Physiology of Taste In order to be tasted, a chemical:
Must be dissolved in saliva
Must contact gustatory hairs
Binding of the food chemical:
Depolarizes the taste cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitter
Initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential

10. Structure of Taste Buds
Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by several cranial nerves because taste buds are found in different areas
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Slide 8.39b
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11. Anatomy of Taste Buds Slide 8.40 Figure 8.18
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13. Influence of Other Sensations on Taste
Taste is 80% smell
Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors (pre-pain) also influence tastes
Temperature and texture enhance or detract from taste

14. Olfaction – The Sense of Smell
Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the nasal cavity
Neurons with long cilia
Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection
Impulses are transmitted via the olfactory nerve
Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex
Slide 8.35
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15. Olfactory Epithelium Slide 8.36 Figure 8.17
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17. The Eye and Vision
70 percent of all sensory receptors are in the eyes, only see 1/6th of eye
Each eye has over a million nerve fibers
Protection for the eye
Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit
A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
Slide 8.2
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18. Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelids
Meets at medial and lateral canthus
Eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Slide 8.3a
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19. Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelashes =Meibomian glands modified sebacious glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye
Figure 8.1b
Slide 8.3b
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20. Accessory Structures of the Eye
Ciliary glands – modified sweat glands between the eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Slide 8.3c
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21. Accessory Structures of the Eye
Conjunctiva
Membrane that lines the eyelids
Connects to the surface of the eye
Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
Slide 8.4a
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22. Accessory Structures of the Eye
Lacrimal apparatus
Glands, ducts, (eye), canals, sac, nasolacrimal duct
Tears: antibodies, lysozymes, stress?
Figure 8.1a
Slide 8.4b
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23. Extrinsic Eye Muscles Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye
Produce eye movements
Figure 8.2
Slide 8.6
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24. Structure of the Eye The wall is composed of three tunics
Sclera&Cornea fibrous outside layer
Choroid – middle layer
Sensory tunic – (retina) inside layer
Figure 8.3a
Slide 8.7
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25. The Fibrous Tunic Sclera Cornea White connective tissue layer
Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
Cornea
Transparent, central anterior portion
Allows for light to pass through
Repairs itself easily
The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection
Slide 8.8
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26. Choroid Layer Blood-rich nutritive tunic
Pigment prevents light from scattering
Modified interiorly into two structures
Cilliary body – smooth muscle
Iris
Pigmented layer that gives eye color
Pupil – rounded opening in the iris
Slide 8.9
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27. The Iris Visible colored part of the eye Attached to the ciliary body
Composed of smooth muscle
Pupil – the round, central opening
Sphincter pupillae muscle (constrictor or circular)
Dilator pupillae muscle (dilator or radial)
Act to vary the size of the pupil

28. Pupillary dilation and constriction

29. Sensory Tunic (Retina)
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
Rods- low levels of light, any color
Cones- need more intense light, detect color
Signals pass from photoreceptors and leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve
Slide 8.10
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30. Neurons of the Retina Slide 8.11 Figure 8.4
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31. Neurons of the Retina and Vision
Rods
Most are found towards the edges of the retina
Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
Perception is all in gray tones
Lower resolution images
Slide 8.12a
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32. Neurons of the Retina and Vision
Cones – 3 types detect different colors (red, green, blue)
Densest in the center of the retina
Fovea centralis – area of the retina with only cones
Lack of one type = color blindness
Higher resolution images
No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disk, or blind spot
Slide 8.12b
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33. Normal Opthalmoscopic View of Eye

34. Lens Biconvex crystal-like structure
Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
Figure 8.3a
Slide 8.14
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35. Internal Chambers and Fluids
Figure 16.8

36. Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
Aqueous humor in Anterior Segment
Watery fluid found in chamber between the lens and cornea
Similar to blood plasma
Helps maintain intraocular pressure
Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
Reabsorbed into venous blood
Blocked drainage = glaucoma
Slide 8.15a
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37. Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
Vitreous humor in Posterior Segment
Gel-like substance behind the lens
Keeps the eye from collapsing
Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced
Slide 8.15b
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38. Lens Accommodation
Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision
The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 ft away)
The lens must change shape to focus for closer objects
Slide 8.16
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Figure 8.9

39. Correcting the Eye Correct Focus = emmetropia Nearsightedness = myopia
Focus of light in front of retina
Eyeball too long or lens too strong
Distant objects are blurry
Farsightedness = hyperopia
Focus of light beyond the retina
Short eyeball or lazy lens
Near objects are blurry.

40. Emmetropia

42. Hyperopia

43. Astigmatism
Unequal curvatures in cornea & lens

44. The Ear Houses two senses Receptors are mechanoreceptors Hearing
Equilibrium (balance)
Receptors are mechanoreceptors
Slide 8.20
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45. Anatomy of the Ear The ear is divided into three areas
Outer (external) ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Figure 8.12
Slide 8.21
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46. The External Ear Involved in hearing only
Structures of the external ear
Pinna (auricle)
External auditory canal
Figure 8.12
Slide 8.22
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47. The External Auditory Canal
Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
Lined with skin
Ceruminous (wax) glands are present
Ends at the tympanic membrane
Slide 8.23
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48. The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
Only involved in the sense of hearing
Slide 8.24a
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49. The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Two tubes are associated with the inner ear
The opening from the auditory canal is covered by the tympanic membrane
The auditory tube connecting the middle ear with the throat
Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing
This tube is otherwise collapsed
Slide 8.24b
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50. Bones of the Tympanic Cavity
Three bones span the cavity
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrip)
Figure 8.12
Slide 8.25a
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51. Bones of the Tympanic Cavity
Vibrations from eardrum move the malleus
These bones transfer sound to the inner ear
Figure 8.12
Slide 8.25b
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52. Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
Includes sense organs for hearing and balance
Filled with perilymph
Figure 8.12
Slide 8.26a
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53. Inner Ear or Bony Labrynth
A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Figure 8.12
Slide 8.26b
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54. Organs of Hearing Organ of Corti Located within the cochlea
Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane
Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells
Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe
Slide 8.27a
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56. Organs of Hearing Slide 8.27b Figure 8.13
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57. Mechanisms of Hearing
Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane
Hair cells are bent by the membrane
An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve
Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation
Slide 8.28
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58. Mechanisms of Hearing Slide 8.29 Figure 8.14
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59. Organs of Equilibrium Receptor cells are in two structures Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Figure 8.16a, b
Slide 8.30a
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60. Organs of Equilibrium Equilibrium has two functional parts
Static equilibrium – sense of gravity at rest
Dynamic equilibrium – angular and rotary head movements
Figure 8.16a, b
Slide 8.30b
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61. Static Equilibrium - Rest
Maculae – receptors in the vestibule
Report on the position of the head
Send information via the vestibular nerve
Anatomy of the maculae
Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane
Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells
Movements cause otoliths to bend the hair cells
Slide 8.31
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62. Function of Maculae Slide 8.32 Figure 8.15
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63. Anatomy and Function of the Maculae
Figure 16.21b

64. Dynamic Equilibrium - Movement
Crista ampullaris – receptors in the semicircular canals
Tuft of hair cells
Cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells
Figure 8.16c
Slide 8.33a
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65. Dynamic Equilibrium Action of angular head movements
The cupula stimulates the hair cells
An impulse is sent via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
Figure 8.16c
Slide 8.33b
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66. Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing: Motion Sickness
Motion sickness – carsickness, seasickness
Popular theory for a cause – a mismatch of sensory inputs

67. Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing: Conduction Deafness
Sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the inner ear
Ruptured tympanic membrane, otitis media, otosclerosis
Ruptured tympanic
membrane
Otitis media
Normal tympanic
membrane

68. Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing: Sensorineural Deafness
Results from damage to any part of the auditory pathway
mild
severe

69. Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
Formed early in embryonic development
Eyes are outgrowths of the brain
All special senses are functional at birth
Slide 8.42
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