1. Section 2 – pg 296 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 8
Section 2 – pg 296
Carbon Compounds

2. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds: compounds that contain carbon
Pg 297
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds: compounds that contain carbon
Part of the solid matter of every organism on earth
Part of products that are made from organisms
IE paper products made from trees
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity, and solubility

3. Pg 298
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon: a compound that contains only the elements carbon and hydrogen
Methane (CH4), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), gasoline (C8H18)

4. Properties of Hydrocarbons
Pg 298
Properties of Hydrocarbons
Like many other organic compounds, hydrocarbons mix poorly with water.
All hydrocarbons are flammable
When they burn they release a great deal of energy, this is why they are used as fuels for stoves, cars and jets

5. Structure of Hydrocarbons
Pg 299
Structure of Hydrocarbons
The carbon chains in a hydrocarbon may be straight, branched, or ring-shaped

6. Pg 299
Structural Formulas
Structural Formula: shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Each dash represents a bond
There are never any dangling bonds
C7H5N3O6
Trinitrotoluene

7. Pg 300
Isomers
Isomers: compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties
Butane (C4H10) and Isobutene (C4H10) have different melting and boiling points

8. Double Bonds and Triple Bonds
Pg 301
Double Bonds and Triple Bonds
In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond
Single dash means single bond
Double dash means double bond
Triple dash means triple bond

9. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Pg 301
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons with single bonds allowing for more hydrogen to be bonded on the carbon chain
The carbon atoms are saturated, or filled up with hydrogen atoms
Suffix –ane
Butane, methane, propane

10. Pg 301
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds have fewer atoms for each carbon atom
Suffix –ene or -yne

11. Substituted Hydrocarbons
Pg 302
Substituted Hydrocarbons
Substituted Hydrocarbons: atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
Include halogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and organic acids
If just one atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, a different compound is created
Methane (CH4) ->Sub Cl for one H -> Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl)
Methane (CH4) ->Sub Cl for two H -> Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2)
Methane (CH4) ->Sub Cl for three H -> Chloroform (CHCl3)

12. Compounds Containing Halogens
Pg 302
Compounds Containing Halogens
In some substituted hydrocarbons, one or more halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms
Halogen Family: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
Freon (CCl2F2): originally used as a coolant in refrigerators and air conditioner but was banned when found to be damaging the environment
Trichloroethane (C2H3Cl3): used in dry-cleaning solutions

13. Alcohols Hydroxyl group: OH is substituted for H in a hydrocarbon
Pg 302
Alcohols
Hydroxyl group: OH is substituted for H in a hydrocarbon
Alcohol: a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups
Dissolve well in water
Have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbons
(CH4)
Methanol (CH3OH)

14. Sub one OH for H in Ethane (C2H6) -> Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Pg 303
Sub one OH for H in Ethane (C2H6) -> Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Ethanol: produced naturally by yeast or bacteria
Good solvent for many organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
Added to gasoline to make fuel for car engines called gasohol
Used in medicines and alcoholic beverages
Denatured Alcohol: industrial ethanol with added methanol

15. Pg 303
Organic Acid
Organic Acid: aka citric acid, a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups
Carboxyl group: COOH
Acetic acid: ingredient in vinegar
Butyric acid: makes butter smell bad when it goes bad
Formic acid: stinging nettle plants, ant bites

16. Pg 303
Esters
Ester: a compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid
Many esters have pleasant, fruity smells
Responsible for the smell of pineapples, bananas, strawberries and apples
Ingredient in some medicines such as aspirins and local anesthetic

17. Pg 304
Polymers
Polymer: a very large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together
Monomers: the smaller molecules
Organic compounds, such as alcohols, esters, and others, can be linked together to build polymers with thousands or even millions of atoms
Synthetic polymers: polyester, nylon, plastic

18. Chapter 8 Section 2 Homework – pg 304

19. 1A. List properties common to many organic compounds

20. 1B. You are given two solid materials, one that is organic and one that is not organic. Describe three tests you could perform to help you decide which is which.

21. 2A. What are some properties of hydrocarbons?

22. 2B. How are hydrocarbons similar? How are they different?

23. 3A. What are three kinds of carbon chains found in hydrocarbons?

24. 3B. Compare the chemical and structural formulas of butane and isobutane

25. 3C. Draw a structural formula for a compound called butene
3C. Draw a structural formula for a compound called butene. In terms of bonding, how does butene differ from butane?

26. 4A. What is a substituted hydrocarbon?

27. 4B. What kinds of substituted hydrocarbons react to form an ester?

28. 4C. What do you think the term polyester fabrics refers to?