1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: The Oregon Country Section 2: Independence for Texas
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Oregon Country
Section 2: Independence for Texas
Section 3: War With Mexico
Section 4: California and Utah
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

3. The Oregon Country
Essential Question How did the belief in Manifest Destiny influence western settlement?
Chapter Intro

4. Independence for Texas
Essential Question Why did Texans fight for their independence from Mexico?
Chapter Intro

5. War With Mexico
Essential Question How did Mexican lands in the West become part of the United States?
Chapter Intro

6. California and Utah
Essential Question What factors affected the settlement of California and Utah in the West?
Chapter Intro

7. Chapter Time Line

8. Chapter Time Line

9. Chapter Preview-End

10. Section 1-Essential Question
How did the belief in Manifest Destiny influence western settlement?
Section 1-Essential Question

11. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary joint occupation
mountain man
rendezvous
emigrant
prairie schooner
Manifest Destiny
Academic Vocabulary
plus
access
Section 1-Key Terms

12. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Adams-Onís Treaty
Oregon Trail
Henry Clay
Section 1-Key Terms

13. Section 1-Polling Question
Given the choice, would you prefer to work in a factory in the North, at a farm in the South, or as a fur trapper in the West?
A. Factory in the North
B. Farm in the South
C. Trapper in the West A B C
Section 1-Polling Question

14. Rivalry in the Northwest
Several nations claimed the Oregon Country, but many Americans wanted the land for its access to the Pacific Ocean.
Section 1

15. Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.)
The Oregon Country contained a vast amount of land west of the Rocky Mountains and north of California, plus much of what is today the Canadian province of British Columbia.
In the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, Spain gave up all claims to Oregon and in 1824 Russia gave up all lands south of Alaska, giving Americans access to the Pacific Ocean.
Section 1

16. Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.)
The United States and Britain negotiated joint occupation of the Oregon Country in 1818.
Mountain men—fur traders who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains—were among the first to reach the Oregon Country.
Mountain Men, 1825–1840
Section 1

17. Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.)
Mountain men held an annual rendezvous in late summer to trade their furs with the trading companies for necessary goods.
Mountain Men, 1825–1840
Section 1

18. The Oregon Country consisted of what part of the present-day United States?
A. the Northeast
B. the Northwest
C. the Southeast
D. the Midwest A B C D
Section 1

19. Oregon and Manifest Destiny
Many people believed that God had given the entire continent to Americans and wanted them to settle western land.
Section 1

20. Oregon and Manifest Destiny (cont.)
The Panic of 1837 sparked a westward movement of emigrants across the Oregon Trail in their prairie schooners.
Newspaper editor John O’Sullivan coined the term Manifest Destiny, meaning the United States was destined to take over the whole continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Oregon Country, 1846
Section 1

21. Oregon and Manifest Destiny (cont.)
Democratic candidate James Polk defeated Henry Clay in the presidential election of 1844 on a strong platform of Manifest Destiny.
The United States and Britain set a border between the American and British parts of the Oregon Country at latitude 49° N.
Oregon Country, 1846
Section 1

22. Who coined the term “Manifest Destiny”? A. the mountain man
B. James Polk
C. Henry Clay
D. John O’Sullivan A B C D
Section 1

23. Section 1-End

24. Section 2-Essential Question
Why did Texans fight for their independence from Mexico?
Section 2-Essential Question

25. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary Tejano empresario
decree
annex
Academic Vocabulary
establish
remove
Section 2-Key Terms

26. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Stephen F. Austin
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Alamo
Sam Houston
Section 2-Key Terms

27. Section 2-Polling Question
Would you be willing to move far away from home if you were offered free land?
A. Yes
B. No A B
Section 2-Polling Question

28. A Clash of Cultures
People from the United States and Mexico settled Texas.
Section 2

29. A Clash of Cultures (cont.)
Most of the people who lived in Texas were Tejanos—Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home—and empresarios—people encouraged by the Spanish government to settle in Texas.
In 1821 American Stephen F. Austin made an agreement with the newly independent Mexican government to establish a colony in Texas.
Migration to Texas
Section 2

30. A Clash of Cultures (cont.)
In 1830 the Mexican government issued a decree preventing Americans from settling Texas and discouraging trade between the United States and Texas.
Stephen F. Austin tried to convince the president of Mexico, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, to remove the ban on American emigrants and make Texas an independent state of Mexico.
Migration to Texas
Section 2

31. A B C D How did Mexico attract settlers to Texas?
A. It jailed the empresarios for keeping most of the land in Texas for themselves.
B. It removed all taxes on American-made goods.
C. It offered land to people who agreed to settle it.
D. It agreed to allow freedom of religion. A B C D
Section 2

32. The Struggle for Independence
Texans fought for their independence from Mexico.
Section 2

33. The Struggle for Independence (cont.)
The Texans organized a revolt against Santa Anna in 1835.
Santa Anna marched north to San Antonio, where he defeated rebellious Texans at the Alamo.
Texan leaders declared independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836, naming Sam Houston as commander in chief of the Texan forces.
Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836
Section 2

34. The Struggle for Independence (cont.)
After a major defeat at the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texan independence.
Sam Houston was elected president of the new republic and asked the United States to annex Texas, leading to its eventual statehood in 1845.
Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836
Section 2

35. A B C D Why was the battle at the Alamo important to the Texans?
A. The tragic loss led to their overall defeat in the war.
B. Their victory at the Alamo was the turning point of the war.
C. The Texans’ stand gave them much-needed time and inspiration.
D. Davy Crockett became the first president of Texas. A B C D
Section 2

36. Section 2-End

37. Section 3-Essential Question
How did Mexican lands in the West become part of the United States?
Section 3-Essential Question

38. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary rancho ranchero
Californios
cede
Academic Vocabulary
resource
commence
Section 3-Key Terms

39. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Santa Fe Trail
John C. Frémont
Winfield Scott
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase
Section 3-Key Terms

40. Section 3-Polling Question
Assess your agreement with the following statement: The United States government acted morally in its acquisition of the land of the present-day continental United States.
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree A B C D
Section 3-Polling Question

41. The New Mexico Territory
The Santa Fe Trail was a busy trade route from Missouri to the large Mexican province of New Mexico.
Section 3

42. The New Mexico Territory (cont.)
The Spanish had tried to keep Americans away from Santa Fe, fearing that Americans would want to take over the area.
Los Angeles in 1850
Section 3

43. The New Mexico Territory (cont.)
After gaining independence from Spain, the Mexican government welcomed American traders who arrived in New Mexico along the Santa Fe Trail.
The Santa Fe Trail
Section 3

44. Which of these present-day states was NOT a part of the New Mexican Territory?
A. Wyoming
B. Missouri
C. Utah
D. Arizona A B C D
Section 3

45. California’s Spanish Culture
California was settled by Mexicans.
Section 3

46. California’s Spanish Culture (cont.)
California had been settled in the 1700s by missionaries from Mexico hoping to convert the Native Americans to Christianity.
In 1821 California became a state in the new independent Mexico, and Mexican settlers set up huge estates—called ranchos—owned by rancheros.
Section 3

47. California’s Spanish Culture (cont.)
John C. Frémont’s praise of California’s mild climate and abundant natural resources attracted Americans to the idea of making California part of the United States.
Section 3

48. How did the rancheros treat their Native American workers?
A. Like family
B. Like well-paid employees
C. Almost like slaves
D. Rancheros did not have Native Americans working on their ranchos. A B C D
Section 3

49. War With Mexico War broke out between the United States and Mexico.
Section 3

50. War With Mexico (cont.)
Disagreements over New Mexico, California, and the Texas border strained United States relations with Mexico.
War commenced when Mexican soldiers attacked American forces who had crossed the disputed border.
War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Section 3

51. War With Mexico (cont.)
Many Californios opposed annexation to the United States, but by 1847 California was fully controlled by the United States.
General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City, and soon after the Mexican government surrendered.
War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Section 3

52. War With Mexico (cont.)
In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave up Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico.
In the Mexican Cession, Mexico was forced to cede California and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million.
War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Section 3

53. War With Mexico (cont.)
With the $10 million Gadsden Purchase of 1853 the U.S. mainland reached its present size.
War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Section 3

54. Which of these was NOT part of President Polk’s plan in Mexico?
A. To capture Mexico City
B. To seize California
C. To drive Native Americans into Mexico
D. To secure the Texan border A B C D
Section 3

55. Section 3-End

56. Section 4-Essential Question
What factors affected the settlement of California and Utah in the West?
Section 4-Essential Question

57. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary forty-niner
boomtown
vigilante
Academic Vocabulary
constitution
incorporate
Section 4-Key Terms

58. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Levi Strauss Mormon
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
Section 4-Key Terms

59. Section 4-Polling Question
If you were living in the gold rush era, would you have traveled across the country for the chance at great riches?
A. Yes
B. No A B
Section 4-Polling Question

60. California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold led to rapid growth and eventual statehood for California.
Section 4

61. California Gold Rush (cont.)
When gold was discovered in California in 1849, people from all over the world traveled to the region in search of riches.
These forty-niners built new communities called boomtowns.
The California Gold Rush more than doubled the world’s supply of gold; however, very few forty-niners achieved lasting wealth.
Gold Rush Prices
Section 4

62. California Gold Rush (cont.)
Levi Strauss sold sturdy denim trousers to the miners, getting rich in the process.
Mining towns were governed by vigilantes.
California adopted a constitution and became a state in 1850.
Gold Rush Prices
Section 4

63. Why did many Americans in the 1840s want to make California a state?
A. to convert the Native Americans to Christianity
B. to abolish the Spanish missions
C. to build ports on the Pacific coast
D. to sell Native Americans into slavery A B C D
Section 4

64. A Religious Refuge in Utah
The Mormons settled in Utah.
Section 4

65. A Religious Refuge in Utah (cont.)
The Mormons were founded by Joseph Smith in New York but eventually moved west to a land they called Deseret near the Great Salt Lake to escape persecution and find religious freedom.
In 1848 the United States acquired the Salt Lake area as part of the settlement from the war with Mexico, and Mormon leader Brigham Young was named the governor of the Utah Territory.
Section 4

66. A Religious Refuge in Utah (cont.)
Utah was not easily incorporated into the United States as the Mormons often had conflicts with federal officials.
Section 4

67. A B C D Mormons used irrigation to water crops at A. Deseret
B. New York City
C. San Francisco
D. Boomtowns in California A B C D
Section 4

68. Section 4-End

69. VS 1

70. VS 2

71. VS-End

72. Figure 1

73. Figure 2

74. Figure 3

75. Figure 4

76. Figure 5

77. Figure 6

78. Figure 7

79. Figure 8

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90. LT 4

91. joint occupation 
the possession and settling of an area shared by two or more countries
Vocab1

92. mountain man 
a frontiersman living in the mountain wilderness
Vocab2

93. rendezvous 
a meeting
Vocab3

94. emigrant a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere
Vocab4

95. prairie schooner 
a covered wagon used by pioneers in cross-country travel
Vocab5

96. Manifest Destiny 
the idea popular in the United States during the 1800s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific
Vocab6

97. plus
in addition
Vocab7

98. access 
the ability to get to
Vocab8

99. Tejano 
a Mexican who claims Texas as his home
Vocab9

100. empresario 
a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800s
Vocab10

101. decree 
an order given by one in authority
Vocab11

102. annex 
to add a territory to one’s own territory
Vocab12

103. establish 
to set up
Vocab13

104. remove 
take away
Vocab14

105. rancho 
huge properties for raising livestock set up by Mexican settlers in California
Vocab15

106. Californio Mexican who was one of the original settlers of California
Vocab16

107. ranchero 
Mexican ranch owner
Vocab17

108. cede 
to give up by treaty
Vocab18

109. resource
something used by people
Vocab19

110. commence
to begin
Vocab20

111. forty-niner person who went to California during the gold rush of 1849
Vocab21

112. boomtown 
a community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population
Vocab22

113. vigilantes 
people who take the law into their own hands
Vocab23

114. constitution a list of fundamental laws to support a government
Vocab24

115. incorporate
to include
Vocab25

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