1. Introduction to Migration UNIT 2: POPULATION & MIGRATION

2. Introduction to Migration
Identify forms of Short Term Movements
Define Migration and its objectives
Compare Net-In and Net-Out Migration
Identify forms of Migration Selectivity
Compare Internal and International Migration
Explain Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Define Step and Chain Migration
Discuss Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model
LEARNING TARGETS
SESSION 5
Introduction to Migration

3. The key to migration is understanding the motivations for people’s movement either in the short or long term. The most basic form of movement is activity space or where you travel on a daily basis.
Others include:
Cyclic Movement: Your daily routine from your home and back
Ex. Commute to work
Seasonal Movement: Form of cyclic movement where you move from one place to another due to change in season
Ex. Snowbirds or some forms of nomadism
Periodic Movement: Involves longer periods of stay
Ex. Going to college or serving in the military
Transhumance: Pastoral farming practice of moving animals from hillsides to pastures…is both periodic and seasonal
Ex. Semi-nomadic herders
Short Term Movement

4. Introduction to Migration
Migration: permanent movement to a new location – cross boundary between states, countries, cities, etc.
Emigration: migration from a location
Immigration: migration to a location
Migration Stream: pathway from a place of origin to a destination
Migration counter-stream: pathway of people moving back to the place of origin from the new place.
3 objectives of migration:
Economic Opportunity
Cultural Freedom
Environmental Comfort
Introduction to Migration
Session 5

5. Net-In/Net Out Migration
Net In-Migration: More immigrants than emigrants
Net Out-Migration: More emigrants than immigrants
Worldwide number of migrants has increased historically as travel has improved
Immigrants from LDCs form an increasingly large proportion of many MDCs population

6. Net-In/Net Out Migration

7. Net-In/Net Out Migration

8. Determining Factors
The decision to migrate fits into a predictable pattern based on various factors including age, income, and other socioeconomic factors…i.e. Push/Pull Factors
Migration Selectivity: The evaluation of how likely someone is to migrate based on personal, social and economic factors

9. Migration Selectivity
Economic Structure: People will migrate based their own economic condition compared to that of another region and determine the risk/reward
Education: Typically, the more educated people are, the more likely they are to make a long distance move (this can happen both internally or internationally) and can lead to Brain Drain.
Migration Selectivity
Place Desirability: Possession of positive features making people want to live there
Age Structure: Is the population one that is young enough…old people tend not to migrate in huge numbers
Friction of Distance: How difficult is it migrate to a certain location
Gravity Model: Asserts that closer places attract more migrants than more distant places…distance decay

10. Check for Understanding: Student Discussion
What is activity space and the other forms of short term movement? What is migration stream? What is migration counter-stream? What is the difference between an immigrant and an emigrant?
What are the main objectives of migration? What is net-in migration? What is net-out migration?
What factors are included with Migration Selectivity? What is the Gravity Model? Friction of Distance? What role does age play in migration?
Check for Understanding: Student Discussion

11. International Migration
Internal Migration
A permanent move from one country or another…also known as transnational migration
Can be either voluntary or forced
Recent patterns today include
From Asia to Europe
From Asia to N. America
From Latin America to N. America
A permanent move within the same country
Can be interregional (one region to another) or intraregional (within the same region i.e. rural to city)
Recent patterns today include
From Rural to City (LDC’s)
From City to Suburbs (MDC’s)
From weak economic to affluent (Rust Belt to Sun Belt)
Retirement (Florida/Arizona)
Distance of Migration

12. Ravenstein’s Migration Laws
Ernst Ravenstein, a 19th century British geographer identified generalizations about migration
Most migrants travel short distances…i.e. step migration, or due to intervening obstacles (barriers to migration)
Ravenstein’s Migration Laws
Migrants who are traveling a long way tend to move to larger cities than smaller cities
Rural residents are more likely to migrate than are urban residents
Families are less likely to migrate across national borders than are young adults…leads to chain migration
Every migrations stream creates a counter-stream

13. Patterns of Migration Step Migration Chain Migration 2 3 4 1
A migrant has a long-distance goal in mind and achieves it in a series of steps
Ex. My family’s trip from India via England, Chicago and eventually Kingston, R.I.
Chain Migration
When people migrate to be with others that migrated before them because of a family or cultural tie.
Ex. Europeans to New York City and other east coast cities

14. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Demographic Transition
Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky identified a Migration Transition Model (MTM), which consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition model (DTM).
The MTM shows a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition
Zelinsky’s Migration Transition
Stage
Demographic Transition
Migration Transition 1
Low NIR, high CBR, high CDR
High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food 2
High NIR, high CBR, rapidly declining CDR
High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban 3
Declining NIR, rapidly declining CBR, declining CDR
High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs 4
Low NIR, low CBR, low CDR
Same as stage 3

15. NEXT CLASS
SESSION 6
Factors of Migration