1. Ethnicities
Ch. 7 – AP Human Geography

2. Ethnicity in the United States

3. Ethnicity v. Race
Ethnicity is defined as the identity of a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
Race is defined as the traits that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children (biological)

4. African American Migration Patterns
Forced migration from Africa
Spanish and Portuguese slave traders
Triangle Trade

5. Internal Migration of African Americans
Interregional
Most freed slaves worked as sharecroppers, but others moved to northern manufacturing cities
Migration from US South to northern cities during first half of 20th c.
Intraregional
Migration from inner-city ghettos to outer city and inner suburban neighborhoods during second half of the 20th c.

6. Voluntary Migration from Latin America and Asia
Immigration from Mexico and Puerto Rico
Third largest group of Hispanics in US came from Cuba
Asia
Ranking of sending countries – 1) China, 2) India, 3) Philippines, 4) Korea, 5) Vietnam

7. Segregation by Ethnicity and Race
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the constitutionality of “separate but equal”
“Jim Crow” laws were used to segregate African Americans, especially in Southern states

8. Ethnicities and Nationalities

9. South Africa Apartheid
Apartheid – physical separation of races into different geographic areas
Determined jobs and education based on race
Problems started with the Dutch and continued with the English
Afrikaners created Apartheid in 1948
Laws were repealed in 1991

10. Ethnicities and Nationalities
Nationality – identity with a group or people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
Nationality shares similar concepts with ethnicity but differs in terms of legal standing

11. Nation-States
Self-determination is the right of a group to govern themselves
A nation-state is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
In the 1900s, most of W. Europe was divided into nation-states

12. Nationalism Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nationality
Flags, national anthems, etc.

13. Multinational States
A multinational state contains two or more nationalities with traditions of self-determination
UK (England, Scotland, Wales, and N. Ireland) is a multinational state)

14. Former Soviet Union: Largest Multinational State
15 republics created “the Iron Curtain”
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are new Baltic nation-states
Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine are new European nation-states
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are new central Asian nation-states

15. Russia: Now Largest Multinational State
39 different nationalities within Russia -- most want some autonomy

16. Ethnic Competition in Lebanon
Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from the ancient Phoenicians
Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves Arabs
Civil war occurred between Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze

17. Ethnic Diversity in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is inhabited by three principal ethnicities:
Sinhalese (74%) – Mostly Buddhist
Tamil (16%) – Mostly Hindu
Moors (10%) – Mostly Muslim

18. Division of S. Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities
Britain’s end of colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 led to the birth of two new countries – India and Pakistan
East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971

19. Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Iraq
3/4 of Iraqis are Arabs
2/3 Shiite
1/3 Sunni
1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds
Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity
Iran
Most numerous ethnicity is Persian
Adheres to Shiite Islam

20. Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Afghanistan
Most numerous ethnicities include Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara
Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban gained control over most of the country in 1995 and promoted Islamic fundamentalism
Pakistan
Most numerous ethnicity is Punjabi

21. Ethnic Conflicts

22. Ethnic Cleansing in WWII
Millions of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration camps where most were exterminated
Forced migration of ethnicities also occurred after WWII

23. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans
Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
Bosnian Serbs tried to cleanse Bosnian Muslims
It worked – the Serbs got more land
Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo (Serbia)
Serbs tried to cleanse the land of Albanians
NATO stopped it
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Peace in the Balkans could mean that ethnic cleansing “worked’

24. Ethnic Conflict in Africa
Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa largely because the present-day boundaries of countries do not match the boundaries of ethnic groups
European countries carved up Africa during the age of imperialism in the 19th and 20th centuries
When colonies became states, some tribes were more divided and others were grouped with dissimilar tribes

25. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa
Rwanda
Genocide involving Hutus murdering hundreds of thousands of Tutsis began in
Congo
Conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries

26. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sub-Saharan Africa
Darfur
Darfur’s black Africans launched a rebellion in because of discrimination experienced
Sudanese gov’t crushed the rebellion, killing 480,000 and sending 2.8 million to live in refuge camps (considered genocide by many countries)

27. Ethnic Competition: Ethiopia and Eritrea
Italy captured Ethiopia during WWII and made Eritrea a part of Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia had a war for 30 years
Now, both are separate countries
Each are multi-ethnic and divided on many levels