1. NT1110 Computer Structure and Logic
Unit 6 (Module 4A)
MEMORY, STORAGE, AND NUMBERING SYSTEM 1

2. Class Agenda 7/22/16 Chapter 2, 6 and 8 Learning Objectives
Discussion on Assignments and Lab.
Break Times as per School Regulations.
Class Quiz 2
Assignment will be given in the next class
Reading Assignment.

3. Objectives
Convert numbers between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal number system.
Explain how a computer manages information using various memory and storage devices.

4. Topics Numbering Systems Used in Computers Basic Boolean Operations
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) and Direct Rambus Memory (RDRAM) Modules
Installation

5. Hardware Needs Software to Work
Computer’s physical components
Monitor, keyboard, memory, hard drive
Software
Instruction set
Directs hardware to accomplish a task
Uses hardware for four basic functions
Input, processing, storage, output
Hardware components
Require an electrical system

6. Figure 1-1 Computer activity consists of input, processing, storage, and output
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

7. Hardware Needs Software to Work (cont’d.)
User interaction with computer
User and software communicate with input device
Hardware uses two states: on and off
Figure 1-2 All communication, storage, and processing of data inside a computer are in binary form until presented as output to the user
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

8. Introducing Data and Information, Bits and Bytes
Computers use binary digits (bits) to record information electronically
Bits represent either value of 0 or 1
Bit is smallest unit of data computers work with
Computers work with multi-digit binary numbers
Nibble
Byte
Word
Doubleword 8

9. Nibble, Byte, Word, Double Word9
Figure 1-2

10. Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
Term
Size (Bytes)
Size (2N Bytes)
Rounded by Size (Bytes)
Kilobyte
1024
210
1,000
Megabyte
1,048,576
220
1,000,000
Gigabyte
1,073,741,824
230
1,000,000,000
Terabyte
1,099,511,627,776
240
1,000,000,000,000
Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte 10
Table 1-1

11. Binary Representation
Figure 1-3 All letters and numbers are stored in a computer as a series of bits, each represented in the computer as on or off
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

12. Boolean Operations
Boolean Operations is a mathematical system for the manipulation of variables that can have one of two values.
In formal logic, these values are “true” and “false.”
In digital systems, these values are “on” and “off,” 1 and 0, or “high” and “low.”
Boolean expressions are created by performing operations on Boolean variables.
Common Boolean operators include AND, OR, and NOT.

13. Boolean Operations
A Boolean operator can be completely described using a truth table.
The truth table for the Boolean operators AND and OR are shown at the right.
The AND operator is also known as a Boolean product. The OR operator is the Boolean sum.

14. Boolean Operations
The truth table for the Boolean NOT operator is shown at the right.
The NOT operation is most often designated by an overbar. It is sometimes indicated by a prime mark ( ‘ ) or an “elbow” ().

15. Converting Binary 01111011 to Decimal 123
Multiply the decimal digit value times the binary value in each of the eight columns.
Add the eight numbers found from the previous step (bottom row in the table).
Converting Binary to Decimal 123
Figure 1-7

16. Storage Devices Primary storage (main memory)
Temporary storage used by the processor
Secondary storage (permanent storage)
Enables data to persist after machine turned off
Examples: hard drive, CD, DVD, USB drive
Primary-secondary memory relationship analogy
Library book stacks: permanent storage
Books moved to a desk: temporary storage

17. Figure 1-12 Memory is a temporary place to hold instructions and data while the CPU processes both
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

18. Primary Storage Provided by random access memory (RAM) RAM chips
Located on motherboard, adapter cards
RAM chips
Embedded on small board
Plugs into motherboard
Most common: dual inline memory module (DIMM)
Video memory: embedded on video card
Volatile memory
Non-volatile memory

19. Figure 1-13 A DIMM holds RAM and is mounted directly on a motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

20. Memory Hierarchy

21. Memory Hierarchy 2 Memory issues
Faster access time grater cost per bit
Greater Capacity Smaller cost per bit
Greater capacity slower access speed
Going down Memory Hierarchy
Decreasing cost per bit
Increasing capacity
Increasing access time
Decreasing frequency of access to the memory by the processor

22. Memory Address
Numbers assigned to physical memory location either on RAM or ROM
Software can only access data on memory by using their address
Memory addresses are communicated on the address bus
The number is made when OS first loads

23. Memory Address2

24. Primary Storage RAM (random access memory):
Device providing temporary storage
Located on motherboard and on other circuit boards
Three types of RAM boards (memory modules):
DIMM (dual inline memory module)
RIMM (Rambus inline memory module)
SIMM (single inline memory module)
RAM is volatile (data does not persist)
ROM (read-only memory) is nonvolatile

25. Memory Technologies Random access memory (RAM)
Holds data and instructions used by CPU
Static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Both volatile memory
Figure RAM on motherboards today is stored in DIMMs

26. Memory Technologies Variations of DRAM
DIMM – dual inline memory module
small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM) – used on laptops
microDIMMs – used on subnotebook computers
RIMM and SIMM (outdated)
Differences among DIMM, RIMM, SIMM modules
Data path width each module accommodates
How data moves from system bus to module

27. Table 4-3 Types of memory modules

28. Table 4-3 Types of memory modules (continued)

29. DIMM Technologies DIMM (dual inline memory module) 64-bit data path
Independent pins on opposite sides of module
Older DIMMs
Asynchronous with system bus
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Runs synchronously with system bus
Two notches
Uses 168 pins

30. DIMM Technologies Double Data Rate SDRAM
Also called DDR SDRAM, SDRAM II, DDR
Two times faster than SDRAM
DDR2 SDRAM
Faster than DDR and uses less power
DDR3 SDRAM
Faster than DDR2 and uses less power
DDR2 and DDR3
Use 240 pins
Not compatible: use different notches

31. RIMM Technologies Direct Rambus DRAM C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM)
Also known as RDRAM, Direct RDRAM, Rambus
RIMM memory module
Expensive and slower than current DIMMs
RIMMs using 16-bit data bus: two notches, 184 pins
RIMMs using 32-bit data bus: single notch, 232 pins
C-RIMM (Continuity RIMM)
Placeholder module
Ensures continuity throughout all slots
No memory chip

32. How to Upgrade Memory Basic technique Problems solved
Add more RAM modules
Problems solved
Slow performance
Applications refusing to load
An unstable system
Windows “Insufficient memory” error message

33. How to Upgrade Memory Questions to ask
How much RAM do I need and how much is currently installed?
How many and what kind of memory modules are currently installed on my motherboard?
How many and what kind of modules can I fit on my motherboard?
How do I select and purchase the right modules for my upgrade?
How do I physically install the new modules?

34. How Do I Select and Purchase the Right Memory Modules?
Using a web site to research your purchase
Look for search utility matching modules to board
Figure The Kingston web site DIMM recommendations
for a particular motherboard

35. How Do I Install the New Modules?
Precautions:
Always use a ground bracelet
Turn off power, unplug power cord, press power button, remove case cover
Handle memory modules with care
Do not touch metal contacts on memory module or expansion cards
Do not stack cards or modules
Look for notches on one side or in the middle for correct orientation

36. How Do I Install the New Modules?
Installing DIMMS
Pull out supporting arms on the sides of the slot
Use notches on DIMM edge connector as a guide
Insert DIMM straight down into the slot
Ensure supporting arms lock into position
New installations are generally uncomplicated
Usually involve placing memory on motherboard
Older computers may need change to CMOS setup
If new memory not recognized try reseating device

37. Unit 6 Lab Identifying and Installing RAM in a PC
Converting Numbers to Various Numbering Systems.”

38. Reading Assignment.
Reading: Computer Structure and Logic, Chapter 2, pp. 35–52; Chapter 6, pp. 195–228; and Chapter 8, pp. 304–305.