Anglo-Saxon and Norman England,

Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, 1060-1088
Paper 2 (B) REVISION Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, 3 Questions: Describe two features of… (4 marks) Explain why… (12 marks) “Statement” How far do you agree… (16 marks)

Topic 1: Anglo-Saxon Society
The King and the Earls Local Government and Law The economy and social system The power of the Godwins Edward the Confessor The rival claimants to the throne

1. The King and the Earls Witan Council Advised King Thegns
DaneLaw: ½ country was Anglo-Danish so had their own laws (E the C tried to allow them some freedoms) Witan Council Advised King Thegns Local Lords Could complain to King about Earls Law-making Money Control Religion Taxation Fyrd (Army) Landownership Earls - Most important - Collect taxes - Oversee laws - Military powers Edward the Confessor: God on his side Respected lawman Married to Edith, daughter of Earl Godwin (power) Exiled in Normandy most of his life No children Struggled to control Earl Godwin

2. Local Government and Law
Earldom divided into Shires Sheriff (Shire-Reeve) Collect tax from Shire Collect fines from Shire Judge cases in Shire Court Ensure men are provided for Fyrd and all roads and defences are maintained To collect revenues from Kings land in the Shire. Law and Order Community focused Hue and Cry Wergild Trial by Ordeal Treason Earls took advantage Shire divided into hundreds (100 hides of land) A hide = 120 acres A hundred was divided into a Tithing (10 households) These are the official orders (writs) from the King

3. The economy and social system
1060 – Population of 2 million Religion Bishops were rich and important always one in the Witan Few people were literate – Church provided clerks and record-keepers Local priests were also farmers, were not well educated and were married Monks and Nuns also lived like this Church did not want any reforms – stuck to their old ways! Strong Economy Good farming – both crops and livestock Strong trade links with North Sea and Channel Efficient tax system boosted earnings Central control of money and trading (Burhs) Nobles (Thegns) 90% were Ceorls (peasant farmers) 9.7% were slaves - Fortified town of each shire. - People would take refuge here - Trade had to be carried out here (by law) - 10% of population lived in towns - Strong walls and ramparts – to stop Vikings raiding

4. The power of the Godwins
King Edward tries to break free! In the 1050’s, King Edward tried to free himself from Earl Godwin’s dominance. Edward turned to his friends in Normandy (where he had been exiled) and this is when he likely made his promise to William for the throne! Earl Godwin’s daughter Edith married King Edward In the 1060’s the ‘House of Godwin’ had come to dominate Anglo-Saxon politics. Harold married Edith of Mercia and then lated married Edith the Fair who was powerful in East Anglia - The only Earldom they did not control was Mercia! Harold Godwinson, married Edith of Mercia (to have some control) Tostig Godwinson married Judith, daughter of Baldwin of Flanders ALL Political Alliances!

Rising against Tostig: 1065
5. Edward the Confessor Rising against Tostig: 1065 Oct: Northumbrian Thegns revolt against Tostig, marching on York From around 1063 Harold and Tostig were fighting over who would become King after Edward… Harold’s embassy to Normandy: 1064 or 1065 Edwards sends Harold to Normandy but we do not know why (likely allegiance) Harold is taken prisoner by Count Guy of Ponthieu but William rescues him Harold fights for William and is rewarded Harold swears an oath to William – but we do not know what (again) They invite Morcar (brother of Edwin, earl of Mercia) to be Earl instead Tostig went too far to tackle lawlessness Threatened nobles Assassinated rivals Harold knew Edward did not have long to live – had to time it right King Edward orders his Earls to put down the uprising, but they do not obey Harold agrees to demands (on Edwards behalf) – Tostig to be replaced Shows us that Harold is trusted by Edward to handle politics Normans claim it was for William to succeed to the throne Normans call Harold an ‘oath-breaker’ for taking the throne himself… bad news! 1st Nov: Tostig is exiled. Harold weakens his own house (Godwin) – but strengthens his own claim!

6. The rival claimants to the throne
Name Edgar Aethling Harald Hardrada Harold Godwinson William of Normandy Claim Royal blood – descendant from Alfred the Great Based on a secret deal between 2 other Vikings Appointed successor by King on deathbed Agreement with Edward - Harold's embassy visit Strength of Claim Strong in theory – but young and no ‘back up’ Weak – but he had the forces behind him Good claim supported Witnesses (loyal to Harold) Backed by the Pope, but lacks evidence Chance of Success Weak – only 15! Threat of invasion too strong Good – 300 ships, men, battle experience. North would welcome him! Excellent chance – support from Witan Quite good – William has military strength, has to cross the Channel Edward dies – 6th January 1066 Witan declares Harold as King. Harold crowned. Is sent up North to check they are happy. Puts together the largest army England had ever seen. Patrols the Channel.

The Norman Invasion – Part 1 Gate Fulford and Stamford Bridge
Significance of Stamford Bridge Reasons for Battle of Gate Fulford: 20th September 1066 Morcar, Earl of Northumbria and Edwin, Earl of Mercia – gather an army to defend the North Hardrada and Tostig land with 10,000 warriors and march to York Morcar and Edwin meet them in open Battle at Gate Fulford King Harold achieved a victory and stopped one invasion Harold make a rapid march north, collecting troops along the way William invaded the south whilst Harold was in the North Harold surprises the Viking army and is victorious Harold had to rapidly move back south – tiring his army Edwin and Morcar are outnumbered English shield wall surged toward Tostigs weaker troops Hardrada hits them with his best warriors Thousands of English are killed Harold was forced to come north to face Hardrada and Tostig (his brother) Harald and Tostig are both killed (the Vikings had forgotten their armour) Harold's victory might have made him a bit more arrogant

Events of the Battle of Hastings
To demonstrate the story of the Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings English army run away. Prepare for William to become their King. Events of the Battle of Hastings Norman knights Highly trained, heavily armoured Horses vulnerable to attack, difficulty up hill English Housecarls Disciplined shield wall, hard to break, effective with axes Shield wall could break, vulnerable to cavalry and archers 10 Williams scouts spot Harolds army (surprise attack ruined!) Harold and his brothers (Gyrth and Leofwine) make final stand on top of Hill. Harold and brothers killed. 1 9 Harold's army gain position on top of hill Shield wall thins out. Norman knights charge through – cut English down - and archers finish the job. 2 Battle lasts for 8 hours. Evenly matched. 8 3 A feigned (fake) retreat – English break their shield wall to chase the retreating Normans Norman knights Vs English Housecarls Williams archers attack, had to avoid Harold's javelins 7 4 Norman army panic that William has been killed. William tips back his helmet to show he is alive. Williams foot soldiers and knights beaten back by Shield Wall. English do damage to horses and men with two-handed axes. 6 5

The Norman Invasion – Part 3 Williams Victory
Timings: waited for collapsed wall Logistics of Channel crossing Feigned retreat Mix of tactics Pre-fabricated castle Using knights against shield wall Williams leadership Norman tactics Shield wall could only defend, not attack ‘Harrying’ the surrounding area Reasons for Williams Victory English tactics Lack of archers Surviving storm William’s luck Shield wall = predictable Harold’s leadership Luck in Battle Racing down from the North Timing of Hardrada’s invasion Involving all his followers Failure to surprise William – on the defense

Topic 2: William in Power Securing the Kingdom, 1066-1087
Establishing control Castles Anglo-Saxon resistance, 1068 Anglo-Saxon resistance, The Harrying of the North Landownership, Maintaining Royal Power The Revolt of the Earls Features and effects of the Revolt

1. Establishing Control (a)
Williams march on London Following Hastings, William marched to Dover (where they all got the poo’s – Dysentery) The Earls submit to William… but why?! William had seized the treasury, so Edgar couldn’t offer anything… Meanwhile, in London – the Witan choose Edgar the Aethling to be King… bit rude! William’s march had threatened to cut off supplies Having recovered, William goes on a brutal march of the South- East, destroying homes and farms… Most warriors had died William leads his army round London, not attacking it directly… Did they believe his victory was God’s will? William is crowned on Christmas Day 1066 The Earls could not agree about what action to take

1. Establishing Control (b)
Rewarding loyalty… Although… Edwin and Morcar keep their Earldoms William promised his followers great riches. - Sent gifts to the Pope -Set a heavy tax to pay soldiers - Declared al land to be his… dished it out to others for loyalty. Edwin and Morcar earldoms are smaller than before Controlling the Borderlands William created three new Earldoms Hereford, Shrewsbury, and Chester This was to protect the Marches – the border with Wales These ‘Marcher Earls’ could: Create new towns to promote Normans Total control, sheriffs reported to them, not the King Did not pay tax on lands, use money for defence Could build castles as they wished Edwin promised William’s daughter in marriage This marriage never actually happens Gospatric made Earl of Northern Northumbria Gospatric had to pay William a lot of money for the Earldom Everyone who fought against William loses their land All this land goes to William and his followers – not to Anglo-Saxons

2. Castles Why were they important?
Located in strategic places Easy to keep locals under surveillance Use as a base of attack Control areas – psychological impact Strong wooden tower (the Keep) – elevated attack position for archers Palisade – A strong fence Bailey – the enclosure below the motte = during attacks livestock and local people would shelter here Motte – a large mound of earth (5- 7 metres high) – earth was fireproof How were the different from Burhs?! Burhs = Protect Castles = Control Burhs = Large Castles = Small and private Burhs = Long time to construct Castles = Quick! Steep steps to the keep These would typically take 4-9 months to construct Access via gatehouse – sometimes a drawbridge A ditch cut around the bailey and the Motte

3. Anglo-Saxon resistance, 1068
Causes of the Revolt William’s response… Took his forces to Mercia Took control of the Burhs of Warwick and Nottingham –built castles there (flattened houses) Edwin and Morcar met with William and surrendered (wimps!) Revolt collapsed Edgar Aethling and other rebels escaped to Scotland (Malcolm III) William pardons Edwin and Morcar – they return as ‘guests’ at Williams Court until 1071 (when they escape) Results Puts Normans in the North (Robert Cumin) Edgar A getting help from Malcolm III Castles bring people under control Other rebellions going on at the time – some being ended by A-S – shows he can trust some A-S! Edwin’s resentment – smaller land and no marriage Bad government – Odo of Bayeux and William FitzOsbern apparently seized land and allowing soldiers to rape Anglo-Saxon women Morcar’s resentment – parts of his land given to Williams supporters Taxes – William imposed a heavy geld tax in Dec He went back to Normandy with a lot of treasure. Didn’t like him making Normandy richer! Castles – Resented them. A symbol of Norman dominance. Housing had been cleared to build them and intimidate the people. Loss of Land – When William came back from Normandy, he gave peoples land away. ‘Land- grabs’ all over the country by Williams followers!

4. Anglo-Saxon resistance, 1069-1071
Anglo-Danish attack on York Uprising in York Hereward the Wake (Ely) King Sweyn of Denmark sends fleet to England Hereward returns from exile in and fins his land gone to a Norman Lord. Jan 1069 – Robert Cumin appointed Earl of N. Northumbria Danish meet up with Edgar the Atheling and attack York – Normans killed 1070 the Danes turn up again and set up a base in Ely. Hereward joins forces. Looting by his men triggers a rebellion in Durham, Cumin and his men are killed Danes retreat to Lincolnshire They raid Peterborough abbey – hoping to save the treasures from the Normans Feb 1069 – Uprising in York – Governor and Norman troops killed Anglo-Saxons in the North begin Guerrilla warfare – sheltered by locals Edgar the Aethling comes down from Scotland to join in The Danes decide to take the treasure instead and sail back to Denmark… Rebellions pop up around country – William cannot cope. Danes wait… protected by marshland. Norman sheriff and his garrison are attacked Morcar and his men come to Ely and join Hereward – to defend Ely, but the Normans capture them So William decides on… Harrying of the North Pay the Danes to leave England. William races North and quickly ends rebellion. Destroys York and builds new castles. Morcar was captured while Hereward escaped, never to be seen again!

5. Harrying of the North Harrying of the North
Prevent Vikings from using York as a base Homes destroyed – nowhere to shelter Livestock killed Revenge for death of Robert Cumin Destroy the spirit of rebellion in North Took place in winter Warning to other areas Features Huge areas of the North Reasons Military response to Guerrilla warfare Seed destroyed so nothing to plant for food the next year Harrying of the North Death of thousands from starvation – as many as 100,000 died No further rebellions from North Immediate consequences William disliked this level of brutality and atoned for his sins Long Term consequences Danish invaders in 1070 had to go to Ely (no base in York) Refugees moved West William decided to replace English aristocracy with Normans Families selling themselves into slavery Reports of cannibalism 20yrs later Yorkshire had not recovered. 60% classed as ‘waste’ in Domesday book

Landownership changes by 1087
Impact on Thegns Impact on Peasants 6. Landownership, Thegns became tenants Life for Peasants did not really change. Legacy of Rebellions The main legacy of resistance was that Anglo-Saxon nobles were removed from power and replaced by Normans. Normans were a little stricter Normans could reward their followers with land Landownership changes by 1087 - Over half the land in England was held by just 190 tenants-in-chief. Only TWO of these were Anglo-Saxons. - Only 5% of land was still held by Anglo-Saxon aristocrats. - King’s own royal estates made up 20% of the land and the Church owned 25% Ceorls (free peasants) became much rarer When thegns died, Normans would inherit the land More Power to the King! - Made William more powerful and rebellion less likely. -Anglo-Saxons had to pay William to get back their land. - When landowners died, the land went back to the King. Disobey the Normans – lose (forfeit) your land

7. Maintaining Royal Power
Military power: tenants-in-chief must provide Knights Religious influence – appointing senior Church leaders Claim to the throne Domesday Book Coronation and crown-wearing ceremonies Land ownership – power to grant and take away land King William’s Royal Power Use of the Witan Journeys of the royal court around England Control of coinage Tax – levying the geld Laws and law-making Use of Royal writs Oath taking

8. The Revolt of the Earls Reasons for Revolt Powerful allies
Ralph contacted Danish King (Sweyn) for support 1075 Three of William’s own Earls tried, unsuccessfully, to remove him power. William's absence In Normandy Roger resented the way William reduced his Earldom Roger de Breteuil, Earl of Hereford Anglo-Saxon rebeliousness Soon after the early rebellions Reasons for Revolt Ralph de Gael, Earl of East Anglia Angry about his loss of land Jealous of what the Norman Earls had got! Waltheof, Anglo-Saxon Earl Loss of Land Upset about the reduction of land Loss of Privileges – Marcher Lords now had to answer to King Loss of Power – Under the Anglo-Saxons Earls had been very powerful. They wanted this back!

9. Features and effects of the Revolt
Features of the Revolt Results Roger was captured and imprisoned Ralph escaped Waltheof fled, but was tricked to come back. Then executed. 1) Waltheof decided against the revolt – probably wanted to be rewarded for loyalty. Waltheof informed Lanfranc Lanfranc tried to convince Roget not to act against William 2) Lanfranc had time to prepare for the revolt. When Roger did not give up on his plans, Lanfranc excommunicated him 3) Most Anglo-Saxons did not join. Some actually helped the Normans! Bishop Wulfstan and the abbot of Evesham blocked Roger from taking his troops across the Severn River Significance of Revolt - Own Earls going against him! -1075: final Danish invasion. Few Anglo-Saxons helped – but William punished them English support for William Anglo-Saxons also joined Normans in the East to prevent Ralph’s troops breaking out of East Anglia 4) The Danes did not want to engage the Normans in battle. When the Danes arrived with 200 ships the revolt had ended. They didn’t invade, they raided and then went home!

Topic 3: Norman England 1066-1087
Feudal Hierarchy Nature of Feudalism Church in England Extent of Change Changes to government Sheriff and the Forest Domesday Book Norman Aristocracy Bishop Odo William’s personality Robert Curthose and revolt, Defeat of Robert and Odo

1. Feudal Hierarchy William I Under-Tenants Vassals Tenants-in-chief
Key Terms Barony – lands held by a baron (landowner/tenant-in-chief) Fief (or feud) – land held by a vassal in return for service to a lord Homage – public display of allegiance Tenant-in-chief – someone who held their fiefs directly from king Vassal – someone who held land from someone else in the feudal system Hierarchy – society is organised in levels of importance Fought for King and led knights William I Dealt with land disputes Tenants-in-chief Lords, Bishops, Abbots Paid King a tax Royal advisors Under-Tenants Vassals Knight Service Provide service to the King for 40 days a year Some had not much more land than peasants Some were powerful nobles Had to be equipped and given money to live on during Service Sometimes had to guard the Kings castles Peasants Sometimes free – but often bound to a Lord

2. Nature of Feudalism Feudalism and Political Power
He could control his barons through grants of land Forfeiture = taking the land away if they disobeyed him Rewards = Giving land to those loyal Feudalism and Military Power Feudal system was a way of ensuring that the King had a military power – without having to pay for it. Knights were expensive to equip, but William needed lots of them. Give knights = land Feudalism and the peasants Social system to make sure the nobles stayed in control. - Peasants provided labour service for the lord in return for land and protection in case of attack.

Importance of the Church
3. The Church in England In Government In society Taught reading and writing to government officials Importance of the Church The church helped control society by praising the King Wrote legal documents Church was a major landowner. Church paid taxes to King Church kept collections of laws Lanfrancs reforms Strict hierarchy Convinced King to put Archbishop of Canterbury in charge of whole church Lanfranc (as head of the church) reorganised church councils Archdeacons controlled parish priests Royal advisors Church leaders involved in shire courts and laws (Trials by Ordeal) Removed Stigand Banned priests being married Rebuilt the churches Criticisms of Stigand Pluralist (had many jobs) Simony (giving out jobs for money) Got his job from the Godwins No control – lack of discipline Monks and Nuns could no longer mix – number increased King appointed bishops King controlled communication between church and the Pope

4. The extent of change Anglo-Saxon Society Norman Society Continuity
Farming life – continued – although it got a bit stricter. Basics of government stayed the same – just replaced with Normans! Geld Tax stayed the same Towns kept their trading rights 4. The extent of change Anglo-Saxon Society Norman Society Slaves made up less than 10% of population Slavery was wrong and freed some slaves Peasants (ceorls) made up to 90% of the population. Some were free. Feudalism bound peasants to their Lords – worked them harder. Change Trade – reduced (especially with Scandinavia) Military – Castles dominated the skyline Religious reforms – churches were rebuilt Feudal system Anglo-Saxons removed from all positions of influence 4-6 thousand Thegns; local landowners with more than 5 hides of land. Military service Thegns wiped out as a landowning class. Replaced by knights and other vassals Some earls were so powerful and wealthy they posed a threat to the King Earls replaced by Normans, and earldoms were shrunk.

5. Changes to Government Role of the Earls Role of the Regents
Regent = Ruling in Williams place Role of the Earls Role of the Regents Crown Lands More land – Forest Laws Earldoms were smaller Odo of Bayeux and William FitzOsbern did a bad job – made people hate him. Knights in service Loyal! Reduced the number of Earldoms The Church Easy to control – Lanfranc Lanfranc more reliable as a regent. Stopped the Revolt of the Earls. Increased the power of sheriffs – answered to the King William I Centralisation Economy Got money from tax Knight Service – large army at his disposal Domesday Book – showed him how much he had, what to tax etc. Using his powers over tenants-in-chief to make his earls dependent on him. Feudal System – everyone had a role (for William) Centralisation = Control in one place (William)

6. Sheriff and the Forest Anglo-Saxon Society Norman Society
Land reclassified as Forest The King appointed the sheriff, who now had much more power. King appointed the sheriff to manage the Kings land Extended hunting land Animals were protected (and the food they ate) Sheriffs were responsible for law and order in their shire, answering to the Earl The King appointed the sheriff, who now had much more power. Forest Laws Sheriffs were responsible for defence of the shire and gathering together the Fyrd. Lanfranc more reliable as a regent. Stopped the Revolt of the Earls. Harsh punishments - blinded Land grabs – people had to move! Not fair – people starved

7. The Domesday Book Domesday Survey Financial In Government
William ordered an investigation of the landholdings of each shire Estimate of England's population – 2 million Domesday Survey Completed by 1086 2 million words in the Domesday book Some estimates Financial Knew how much to tax people 13,400 place names are recorded Military Decided largely because of the threat of Viking invasion. Wanted to see how many knights/tenants he could rely on. Legal Helped set out Legal disputes, who owned what Financial Figured out who inherited what

8. Norman Aristocracy Language English Norman Culture
Neither William or Lanfranc could speak English 8. Norman Aristocracy Norman-French Legal documents were written in Latin Chivalry Moral code about how knights behave. Mercy & Glory Language Spoken by ruling elite: Barons, bishops and knights Most Norman nobles had English nurses looking after their children – so the “2nd generation” of Normans, could speak English. English Spoken by ordinary people, peasants Written only rarely. Latin Used for official writing Norman Culture Aristocratic Culture Anglo-Saxon Nobles = Rich spent their money on parties, gifts, clothing and jewellery. Norman Nobles = Put money into buildings, churches, cathedral, decorative doorways Landholding Anglo-Saxons shared their estates out to the whole family when they died. Norman nobles left it to only one person – keep the land together. Church and Penance Religious, spend money on religious buildings. Gave rich gifts to the Church.

1036 – Mum was also Williams Mum – didn’t share a Dad.
1049 – William makes him Bishop of Bayeux He provided 100 ships to the invasion. He fought at the Battle of Hastings: he is rewarded! Gets the tapestry made. He was made Co-Regent (with William FitzOsbern) when William went back to Normandy. He takes land from people – Lanfranc finds out- makes him give it back. 1082 – He falls out with William and is imprisoned. He is not released until Wills dies. 1088 – Leads a rebellion of Barons against William II Will trusts family 9. Bishop Odo Odo had a bad reputation but is still given the job! Bishop Odo of Bayeux was William’s half-brother and loyal supporter throughout the conquest. William rewarded him with the earldom of Kent, making him one of England’s (and Normandy’s) richest men. Significant contribution! He commissions tapesty for Propaganda purposes. Bad move – Odo allows men to rape women and steal land. Shows that he was not above the law! Fell out because Odo mismanaged his land and titles. Tried to become Pope. Locked up to prove loyalty.

10. William’s personality
People at the time… 10. William’s personality Williams bad points Said William was: - Stern and relentless - Imprisoned those who went against him - Greedy for money - Bribed people - Threatened people Williams Early Life Prepared to use extreme brutality. - William was illegitimate son of Robert, Duke of Normandy -Only 8 when his Dad died. Numerous attempts to kill him. Constantly having defend himself against rivals. Harrying of the North – perfect example! Good points Devoted to his wife Matilda (very upset when she died) 1087 1) William was fat 2) Died of injuries from a riding accident 3) Took 3 month to die 4) Everyone panicked! – when William died it would be every Baron for himself! 5) His body burst in the coffin… people ran from the smell! He trusted his wife and she ruled in Normandy often Very religious, founded abbeys – promoted church Wanted to be legitimate – not just a Conqueror!

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