1. Mr. Mize
Industrialization

2. New Inventions
Bessemer Process (1850s) allowed steel to be produced cheaply.
Steel industry grew rapidly.
Examples: railroads, skyscrapers, nails, pins

3. Steel: Vertical Integration Rolling The billets and slabs are
heated and rolled into
finished products.
Raw Materials
Example: Iron Ore 1 4
Melting
Hot air is pumped into
a furnace, melting iron at
1600 degrees Celsius.
(2,912 degrees F)
Casting
The liquid steel is cast into
billets and slabs. 2 3
Refining
Impurities are removed and alloys
are added from the molten metal
through the use of a ladle.

4. What Issues Do You See?

5. Railroads The South had short rail lines that didn’t form a network.
The tracks in the North and the South had different widths, or gauges, so they couldn’t be connected.
Solution?
Southern railroads adopted the rails of the North.

6. Railroads The railroad industry created thousands of new jobs.
Examples: steelworkers, lumberjacks, miners, railroad workers
Created a middle class
The railroads opened up the country to settlement and growth.

7. Railroads There was a huge need for railroads
Time zones were created for trains
Protective Tariffs
Protected US goods, making it cheaper to buy US good rather than import.
Helped boost the US economy

8. Railroads This meant people could become very rich
Large companies bought smaller ones or forced them out of business.
Monopolies = no/limited competition

9. Monopolies & Merges + =

10. Monopolies & Merges + = + = + =

11. Railroad Abuses
Railroad companies offered rebates, or discounts, in order to keep or win customers.
Forced many small railroad companies out of business.
To end competition and keep prices high, railroad companies agreed to divide up business in an area and set high prices. This was known as pooling.

12. Government Intervention
Interstate Commerce Commission
Established to help Populists and Farmers
Regulated railroad rates
banned pools and rebates, which were special discounts to favored customers
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Passed in 1890, banning the formation of trusts and monopolies.
Difficult to regulate
Hard to prove

13. Day 2
Labor Unions

14. Work Conditions
Factory workers, miners and steel workers faced serious injury or death on a daily basis.
Average work day : hours
Average work week: 6-7 days
Children worked in many industries, doing dangerous work for low pay.

15. Pullman Strike
(1893) George Pullman cut the salaries of his workers at his railroad car factory.
However, the rent in company owned houses remained the same.
The workers went on strike.

16. Triangle Fire
(1911) One hundred and fifty people, mostly young women, died in a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City.

17. Triangle Fire
The 240 employees sewing shirtwaists on the ninth floor had their escape blocked by back-to-back chairs and workbaskets in the aisles.  The 75-foot long paired sewing machine tables obstructed essential access to the windows, stairs, and elevators.

18. Knights of Labor – formed
Workers Organize
Knights of Labor – formed
in 1869 as the first labor
union in the nation.
Goal #3:
Equal pay for men
and women
Goal #1:
Shorter work day
Goal #2:
End child labor

19. Labor Unions
“…You are our employers, but you are not our masters. Under the system of government we have in the United States we are your equals, and we contribute as much, if not more, to the success of industry than do the employers…”

20. Success Women become very active in the strikes
Fire and safety rules are established
In some cases, working hours and wages are also set.
Working age laws are also created