STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment

STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment
Middle School Science Science STAAR Need to Know Science STAAR Need to Know

Science STAAR Need to Know
All living things are made up of cells. Unicellular (Single-celled)- organisms that are made up of only one cell. Multicellular- organisms made up of many cells. (Some have billions & trillions of cells!) Science STAAR Need to Know

Teacher Domain Science STAAR Need to Know

Cells Most basic part of a living system “Cells are Building Blocks”
Cells contain organelles Animal & Plant cells both contain: nucleus- command center of the cell cell membrane- protective outer layer cytoplasm- gelatin-like substance that fills inside of cell (contains other organelles that are vital to the processes of life) mitochondria- to provide power for cell activities Science STAAR Need to Know

Only plant cells have cell walls for support & chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. Science STAAR Need to Know

Animal Cell Science STAAR Need to Know

Plant Cell Contain 2 organelles that animal cells do not have: *Chloroplasts- use sunlight & CO2 to create food for the plant’s cells *Cell wall- rigid structure that provides protection and support for plant cell Science STAAR Need to Know

Three Tab Venn Diagram Animal Cell Plant Cell Both Science STAAR Need to Know

Parts of a Cell Parts of a Cell Looking at the diagram on the right:
Where is the genetic material contained? Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Is this cell autotrophic or heterotrophic? Would this cell be found in the animal kingdom? Parts of a Cell Science STAAR Need to Know

Parts of a Cell Parts of a Cell Looking at the diagram on the right:
Where is the genetic material contained? Nucleus Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic Is this cell autotrophic or heterotrophic? Autotrophic Would this cell be found in the animal kingdom? No Parts of a Cell Science STAAR Need to Know

Systems work together to carry out various life functions. Example: A track runner has different systems that work together: -Muscles move the arms & legs. This uses up oxygen, which must be provided through the bloodstream. -The heart starts beating faster to move more blood to the muscle cells that need oxygen. -As breathing rate increases, the lungs have to take in oxygen & get rid of carbon dioxide more quickly. -The brain sends signals to the lungs, heart, & muscles to coordinate all these activities. Science STAAR Need to Know

Levels of Organization
Science STAAR Need to Know

A response of an organism to a given change, such as temperature or the amount of light. Example: Sweating If the body temperature gets too high, sweat glands open up, causing a person to sweat. The sweat then evaporates, carrying heat energy away from the body. This cools the skin. When the body temperature returns to normal, another nerve signal is sent out to close the sweat glands. Feedback mechanism Science STAAR Need to Know

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems
When you breathe, cells in your lungs help move oxygen into your bloodstream. Many of these cells together form an air sac, which is a kind of lung tissue. These & other tissues together form a lung, which is an organ. The mouth, nose, & trachea are other organs that work together with the lungs to help you breathe. These are some of the organs that make up the respiratory system. The respiratory system is just one of the many organ systems in the whole human organism. Science STAAR Need to Know

Systems in the Human Body
The human body includes systems such as: Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Excretory Muscular Skeletal Nervous Science STAAR Need to Know

Body Systems Science STAAR Need to Know

Circulatory system Arteries are tubes that carry blood away from the heart Veins are tubes that return blood to the heart Capillaries connect arteries and veins. They are tiny tubes that exchange food, oxygen and wastes between blood and body cells. Science STAAR Need to Know

Respiratory BREATH IN -- your body gets oxygen from the air. Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out. The DIAPHRAGM muscle contracts to pull down the lungs. Tissue expands to suck in air. BREATH OUT -- you get rid of other gases that your body does not need. Rib muscles relax. The Diaphragm muscle relaxes. Tissue returns to resting position and forces air out. Science STAAR Need to Know

Digestive system Breaks down and absorbs food to provide energy for the body Science STAAR Need to Know

Excretory Gets rid of body wastes and excess fluids Science STAAR Need to Know

Muscles Muscle contracts to move bones and body parts Muscles look either striated or smooth: Striated muscle has stripes or striations in it. Smooth muscle does not. Science STAAR Need to Know

Voluntary or Involuntary Muscles
Voluntary muscles are muscles that you can move whenever you want to. Involuntary muscles contract and relax automatically inside your body. We can not control our involuntary muscles Science STAAR Need to Know

Did you know????? There are more than 600 muscles in your body That nearly 35-40% of your body mass is muscle The smallest bones are in your ear. The largest bone, the femur, is found in your thigh Science STAAR Need to Know

Skeletal system Function of bones protect internal organs support the body make blood cells store minerals provide for muscle attachment Science STAAR Need to Know

Joints A point where one bone attaches to another bone. There are two different types of joints in the body: Movable joints (like ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints) Immovable joints (like the bones of the skull and pelvis) which allow little or no movement Science STAAR Need to Know

Immovable joint Hinge joint Ball & Socket joint Science STAAR Need to Know

Integumentary System skin is the largest organ in the body Two distinct layers occur in the skin: the dermis and epidermis. The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis, including protection, temperature regulation, sensory reception, biochemical synthesis, and absorption. Science STAAR Need to Know

Controls everything you do
Nervous system Controls everything you do collects, transfers and processes information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and nerves Science STAAR Need to Know

Systems A group of parts that form a complex whole- work together to achieve goals that the parts could not reach alone. Parts can interact, be related to one another, or depend on each other. Example: Circulatory and Respiratory systems work together Science STAAR Need to Know

Human Body Systems Science STAAR Need to Know

Homeostasis The body has ways of adjusting to different conditions. Keeping conditions such as body temperature constant is called equilibrium or homeostasis. Equilibrium occurs when a system is balanced. Adaptations What if a change is too extreme & an organism can’t maintain equilibrium? The organism may die!! However, most organisms are adapted to the environments where they live. Their body systems & behaviors adjust or change to allow them to survive in the new environment. Science STAAR Need to Know

Extinction The loss of an entire species is called extinction. Example: If an organism doesn’t have adaptations that allow it to live in a colder climate, then it must move to a warmer environment or it will die. This can affect single organisms as well as whole populations. Science STAAR Need to Know

Long Term & Short Term Changes
Migration: Organisms move from one place to another-Long Term-if organism move to another region permanently because there was no food left & Short Term migration-butterflies during winter Hibernation: Organism become inactive during winter to conserve energy until the food is available again. Dormancy: A period of inactivity or no growth-Plants in winter Science STAAR Need to Know

Natural Selection How does natural selection explain why giraffe’s have long necks? Why is biodiversity important to natural selection? Science STAAR Need to Know

Natural Selection How does natural selection explain why giraffe’s have long necks? Why is biodiversity important to natural selection? Natural selection would suggest that only the giraffes with long necks would be able to reach the leaves on the trees. Biodiversity indicates there are many gene traits among all the giraffes for natural selection to “choose” from. Science STAAR Need to Know

Traits and Environmental Changes
Why did the environmental changes in the early 1900’s in England cause the “gray” peppered moth to decline, but the “black” peppered moth increased in population? Science STAAR Need to Know

Traits and Environmental Changes
Genetic trait for skin tone and skin cancer risk People with a genetic trait for fair skin are more likely to get skin cancer during their lifetime. Fairer-skin humans generally originated further away from the equator than darker-skin humans. Explain how the environment influenced early human traits for skin tone. Science STAAR Need to Know

Genetic traits Genes- a segment of DNA on a chromosome that contains information for specific genetic traits. Genes are passed from parents to offspring. Genetic trait- a characteristic passed on from a parent to offspring. Genetic traits that help organisms to survive in their environment are called adaptations. Adaptations can be either physical characteristics or behaviors. Science STAAR Need to Know

Reasons for Adaptation

How are genes passed from parents to offspring?
During reproduction, the parents’ genes in the sex cells (egg & sperm) will create the new organism. This is called sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, both parents pass the genes for traits on to their offspring. Half the genes come from the male and half come from the female. Sexual reproduction results in genetic diversity due to the large number of gene combinations that may occur. Science STAAR Need to Know

Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Requires male and female
Science STAAR Need to Know Sexual Reproduction Requires male and female Fewer offspring Greater genetic variation Asexual Reproduction Requires only one parent Many offspring Less genetic variation What are the advantages of sexual reproduction in fighting off certain illnesses over multiple generations? Some plants can reproduce asexually. Animals reproduce sexually and produce fewer offspring.

Reproduction Science STAAR Need to Know

Dichotomous Keys A dichotomous key is a tool that helps identify organisms. A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of statements. Based on observations about an organism, the user begins by choosing a statement from the first pair. Each statement leads either to the name of an organism or to another pair of statements. By working through several pairs, you can identify an organism. Science STAAR Need to Know

Dichotomous Keys 1. a. Edge of wings black-Go to 2. b. Edge of wings not black-Go to 3. 2. Upper wing with black veins-Danaus plexippus Upper wing without black veins-Danaus gillippus 3. Wings blue with white edges-Cupido comyntas Wings black with white edges-Phocides palemon Science STAAR Need to Know

Dichotomous Keys Science STAAR Need to Know Dichotomous keys help us to identify organisms based on their physical characteristics. What is the dichotomous key in the picture used to identify?

Classification Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food. EX: Plants, Algae, Archaebacteria, Phytoplanktons Heterotroph: An organism that feeds on other organisms. EX: Animals, Protista, Fungi, Bacteria Science STAAR Need to Know

Classification Domain: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Science STAAR Need to Know

Classification Science STAAR Need to Know

Classification The living things are grouped in to three domains which are Archae (primitive, unicellular, prokaryotic, some autotrophs & some heterotrophs, some live in harsh conditions); Bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes, most are heterotrophs, typical bacteria); & Eukarya Science STAAR Need to Know

Ecosystem – includes the living & nonliving parts of an environment. Nonliving- water, soil, light, air Living- plants, animals & other living organisms (makes up the community) Community – a group of different types or populations or plants, animals, & other organisms living & interacting with one another in an environment. Each population in a community lives in a particular part of that environment called a habitat. A habitat is the specific place in which an organism makes its home. As you move up the diagram, each level is more complex. Science STAAR Need to Know

Ecosystem Science STAAR Need to Know In this ocean ecosystem, how are organisms are competing for: Sunlight Living space Food Oxygen

Organisms are affected by one another
Organisms interact with their environment Each part of the community has its own function, but together they form the entire pond ecosystem. Organisms are affected by one another Organisms are connected by the energy that flows through the pond community. Both plants & animals require energy. This flow begins with the plants using energy from the sun and continues through all the organisms in an ecosystem. Science STAAR Need to Know

Plants change radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy. Carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar and oxygen. (Sugar is very important in an ecosystem- it’s food for plants & for other organisms. When plants are eaten, the energy in the plant matter is passed on to other organisms in the food chain.) Science STAAR Need to Know

Radiant Energy Chemical Energy TEK 7.5 A recognize that radiant energy from the Sun is transformed into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis Photosynthesis Science STAAR Need to Know

Chemical energy passes from plants to animals through a food chain
Producers- (plants) organisms that make their own food Primary consumers- animals that get their energy from eating plants Secondary (second-order) consumers- animals that eat primary consumer animals. Science STAAR Need to Know

Animals can be both a primary & secondary consumer. Science STAAR Need to Know

Types of consumers Herbivores- animals that eat only plants Carnivores- animals that eat only other animals Omnivores- animals that eat both plants & other animals Science STAAR Need to Know

Decomposers Organisms that feed on dead plants & animals. This releases the chemical energy and nutrients in the dead plants and animals back into the environment. Decomposers play an important role in recycling nutrients & energy. Fungi Bacteria Science STAAR Need to Know

Food Chain- shows the flow of energy from one organism to another to yet another. Science STAAR Need to Know

Food Web A complex system of energy flow through overlapping food chains. Energy passes in many different directions through all the organisms. Science STAAR Need to Know

Symbiotic Relationships (close relationship between organisms)
Producer-Consumer (Plant-make food & Mouse-Eat food) Parasite-Host (Tick-Parasite get benefit & Dog-Host get hurt) Mutualism (Clown fish-hides safely protected by tentacles of anemone & anemone-clown fish catches the food Commensalism (Shark-give ride no benefit & Remora-get ride) Predator-Prey (Lion & Deer) Science STAAR Need to Know

Parasites Science STAAR Need to Know A parasite is an organism that must get its energy from another organism. Sometimes the relationship is mutually beneficial. Sometimes one organisms causes the other harm. Can you think of a parasite that benefits it host? What about the mosquito in the picture?

Food Webs and Energy In the food web to the left, what role does the Sun play? Identify the producers, consumers, and decomposers. How does the ant play a part in the food web? What would happen to the snake population if the rabbits were over-hunted? © Hedgehog Learning Science STAAR Need to Know

Food Webs and Energy SUN – Source of Energy PRODUCERS – Plants
CONSUMERS – Rabbit, Grasshopper, Snake, Mouse, Eagle DECOMPOSER – Ant If the rabbit population decreased, the snake population would as well. © Hedgehog Learning Science STAAR Need to Know

Human Interaction with the Oceans
Building artificial reefs to replace those damaged by humans Many coral reefs have been damaged or destroyed by human activity and pollution. In an effort to restore destroyed reefs, scientists have created artificial reefs like the one in the picture. What other ways have humans influenced the ocean habitat? Science STAAR Need to Know

Succession Rebuilding of populations in a community or ecosystem that has been changed. Succession can happen in any environment where change occurs. Other examples: a plowed farm field, a burned forest, or a grassland that gradually receives less rainfall. Science STAAR Need to Know

Succession Primary Succession: It can take place on a newly formed volcanic island or in an area newly exposed by a melting glacier. Pioneer species in primary succession are Lichens & Mosses Secondary Succesion: It takes place where organisms already live or it takes place after an existing ecosystem has been disturbed. Science STAAR Need to Know

Ecological Succession

Ecosystems Look at the ecosystem in the picture to the left.
Suppose a fire disturbed this area 10 years ago. How has ecological succession occurred since then. How is competition for resources occurring in this ecosystem? Science STAAR Need to Know

Ecosystem Science STAAR Need to Know In this ocean ecosystem, how are organisms are competing for: Sunlight Living space Food Oxygen

STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "STAAR Reporting Category 4 Organisms & environment"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback