1. Carbon and Hydrocarbons
Chp 22 pg 668
Carbon and Hydrocarbons

3. A. Abundance and Importance of Carbon
Structure and bonding of carbon
Has nonmetallic properties
Electron configuration of 1s22s22p2
4 valence electrons – 2s and 2p electrons
Like to covalently bond
Can form single, double, or triple bonds

4. 2. Allotropes of Carbon a. Allotrope – different forms of the same element b. Diamond 1) Colorless crystal solid made of carbon 2) Hardest known material 3) Extremely high melting point (3500C)

5. 4) Covalent bonds form a network 5) Used for cutting, grinding, and drilling 6) Conducts heat but not electricity a) Heat – atoms can vibrate and transfer heat easily b) Electricity – all electrons are used and can’t be transferred

7. c. Graphite 1) Very soft 2) Feels greasy and crumbles 3) Bonded in hexagonal layers 4) Layers too far apart to be held with covalent bonds – use London dispersion forces 5) Layers can slide past each other – can be used in pencils and for lubricant

8. 6) Can use it in graphite fibers a) Stronger and stiffer than steel b) Less dense than steel c) Works as long as force is parallel to layers

9. d. Fullerenes 1) Formed from burned carbon w/limited oxygen 2) Spherical shapes – C60 3) Named buckminsterfullerene 4) Aka – buckyball

10. B. Organic Compounds Intro All organic compounds have carbon
Not all compounds with carbon are organic
Na2CO3,
CO and CO2
Organic compound – covalently bonded compounds with carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

11. 2. Carbon Bonding a. Electron structure allows many different structures 1) Rings and chains 2) Bond to itself or other things 3) Single, double, or triple bonding

12. Citric Acid Plastic bags Aspirin Living things

13. b. Carbon – carbon bonding 1) Can form a) Straight chains b) Branched chains c) Rings (benzene) 2) Can be single/double/triple bonded

14. c. Carbon bonding to other elements 1) Hydrocarbons – have only carbon and hydrocarbons 2) Hydrocarbon backbone – other elements are bonded onto carbon (O,N,S)

15. 1) Different arrangement of elements gives different properties
d. Arrangement of Atoms
1) Different arrangement of elements gives different properties
2) Isomers – compounds with same chemical formula but different shape
Ex. C2H6O is both ethanol and dimethyl ether

16. 3. Structural Formulas a. Show number and type of atoms present and their arrangement b. Can be simplified

17. 4. Isomers a. Can differ in bonding order or arrangement in space b
4. Isomers a. Can differ in bonding order or arrangement in space b. Example – C3H8

18. c. Arrangement in space - Trans and Cis 1) Have to have a rigid backbone to form (double bond) 2) Cis – atoms on same side 3) Trans – atoms on opposite sides

19. C. Saturated Hydrocarbons
Each carbon atom forms four single bonds
Alkanes
Only have single bonds
Finding chemical formula
CnH2n+2
n = 4 what is the chemical formula?
C4H10

20. 3. Cycloalkanes a. Carbon atoms arranged in ring b
3. Cycloalkanes a. Carbon atoms arranged in ring b. Often structure is simplified Cyclopentane

21. 4. Names of Alkanes a. Prefixes
Number of Carbon Atoms
Prefix 1
Meth – 2
Eth – 3
Prop – 4
But – 5
Pent – 6
Hex – 7
Hept – 8
Oct – 9
Non – 10
Dec –

22. b. Unbranched chain 1) Count the carbons 2) Pick the prefix 3) Add suffix –ane CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 Pentane

23. c. Branched chain 1) Alkyl group a) Group of atoms formed when 1 hydrogen is taken away from backbone b) Naming i. Take away suffix –ane ii. Put on –yl

25. 2) Naming the chain a) Find longest carbon backbone b) Add –ane to the prefix c) Name the alkyl groups i. Put in alphabetical order ii. If there is more than 1 put, di, tri, tetra, etc. in front d) Number the backbone so alkyls have lowest number possible

26. e) Put in position numbers f) Punctuate i
e) Put in position numbers f) Punctuate i. Hyphen to separate number from name ii. Separate numbers with commas Examples 1. What is the name of this structure?

27. 2. What is the name of this structure? 2-methylpropane

28. 3. What is the name of this structure? 2,3-dimethylhexane

29. 4. Draw this structure: 3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctane

30. 3) Naming cycloalkanes a) Use rules for alkane nomenclature b) Add cyclo- to the parent hydrocarbon c) Add alkyl groups i. Alkyl group is always 1 ii. Number so all alkyl groups have lowest number possible d) Insert position numbers e) Punctuate the name

32. Examples
What is the name of this molecule?
ethyl-2,5-dimethylcycloheptane

33. 2. Draw this molecule 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane

34. D. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds
Alkenes
Have a double bond
Naming
Count longest carbon chain w/double bond
Put –ene on the prefix
Number where double bond is located

35. 3. Alkynes a. Hydrocarbon w/a triple bond b
3. Alkynes a. Hydrocarbon w/a triple bond b. Naming 1) Count longest carbon chain w/triple bond 2) Add –yne to the prefix 3) Add number for where triple bond is located

36. Examples of alkenes

37. Examples of alkynes

38. 4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons a. 6-membered carbon ring b. Benzene (C6H6)

39. c. Naming 1) Follow alkane rules 2) Start with name benzene 3) Put alkyle group name in front of benzene Example 1. Draw the strucutre for 1,2-dimethylbenzene

40. 2. What is this compound? 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene

41. 3. What is the structure for 3-butyl-6ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene