1. The Civil War: Beginnings & Leaders
US History: Mrs. Lacks

2. The CSA Remember… on December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded
After SC left, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas did too
Together, they formed the Confederate States of America (aka the CSA, the Confederacy)

4. Fort Sumter
After secession, South Carolina wanted US troops out of Fort Sumter
The day after Lincoln takes office, he receives word from the commander of Ft. Sumter, Major Robert Anderson, that Confederates were demanding a US surrender of the fort
forts supplies and food would only last for 6 weeks

5. Lincoln’s Dilemna Admit the CSA is a legitimate nation and leave
Refuse to admit this, and send in supplies/declare war
Lincoln’s decision - not surrender nor reinforce the fort but merely send in “food for hungry men” (put the ball in Davis’ court)

6. Davis’s Dilemma
Do nothing - hurt image of confederacy as an independent nation
Order the attack – to show that the confederacy was a new nation, separate from the US
Davis decision – order the attack

7. Fort Sumter Confederate attack started at 4:30am on April 12, 1861
the attack lasted 34 hours until Anderson (US) surrendered the fort

8. Fort Sumter: Results No casualties South wins/North leaves
4 more states secede
Lincoln calls for troops (implements the draft in the North)

9. Fort Sumter: Results
After the attack, four more states seceded the US and became part of the Confederacy
Virginia
North Carolina
Tennessee
Arkansas
Four southern states stayed in the Union; came to be called border states (so YES there were slave states in the Union during the Civil War)
Maryland
Delaware
Kentucky
Missouri

11. Virginia seceded on April 17th, 1861
most heavily populated state in the south and the most industrialized in the south with iron works and navy yard
sight of 2nd Confederate capital - Richmond
western counties of VA seceded from VA and rejoined the union as WV in 1863 (remained a slave state)

12. The CSA 11 states, 9 million people (including 3.5 million slaves)
Army: about 600,000 – 1,500,000
Navy: no real navy
Original capital: Montgomery, Alabama
2nd (and longest) capital: Richmond, VA

13. The CSA
Government set up like US, but with more rights to individual states (a confederacy, like US under Articles of Confederation)
Executive Branch
President: Jefferson Davis (former US Senator from Mississippi)
VP: Alexander Stephens
Cabinet
Congress: House & Senate (representation + equality)
Judiciary

15. Jefferson Davis: Bio 1808 – 1889 Born in Kentucky
Married: Sarah Knox Taylor, then Varina Howell (6 kids)
Served in Mex-Am War
Democrat
US Rep from Miss
US Senate from Miss
US Secretary of War
1st and only President of the CSA (resigned from US Senate when Miss seceded and was elected without opposition)

16. Jefferson Davis: Goals
Southerners believed there would be no war
Davis feared otherwise
1st goal: to establish peace between USA and CSA
set up a Peace Commission as part of the Confederate Congress
on the way to DC to pay for any US federal property on Southern soil when Ft Sumter happened

17. Jefferson Davis: Beliefs
slavery
should not extend to any new territories added to the CSA
Will die out eventually in South
Wrote this in CSA Constitution
Who does this sound like?

18. White House of the Confederacy
Richmond, VA
Davis moved the capital from Montgomery, Al here after VA seceded (most powerful state; site of war)

19. The USA President: Abraham Lincoln 23 states, 22 million people
Army: 2,128,948 total
Navy: 42 ships in 1861; 671 ships in 1864
Capital: Washington DC

20. Abraham Lincoln: Bio 1809 – 1865 Born in Kentucky
Married to Mary Todd; 4 boys (only 1 will live to adulthood)
Lawyer, 1 term US Rep from Illinois’ 7th district
Party: Whig then Republican (1st Rep POTUS)
Elected POTUS twice:1860; 1864

21. Abraham Lincoln: Goals
Original goal: keep the union together
Refused to recognize that the South had left
Goal after Gettysburg (first battle North won): emancipation

22. Abraham Lincoln: Beliefs
Believed South should keep slaves, but slavery should not spread west
Studied hard and learned much about war strategy
Appointed intelligent men who often disagreed with him to his Cabinet

23. Advantages Union Confederacy Superior leadership of Lincoln
Larger population
Military power
Industrial power
Greater wealth
More railroads
Controlled shipping
Confederacy
Outstanding generals
Strong military tradition
Strong motivation
Fighting on home ground
Skilled with guns and horses
Cotton could be exchanged for supplies

24. Disadvantages Union Weak motivation Non-aggressive officers
Far from home base
3,500-mile enemy coastline to blockade
Vast enemy territory to cover
Confederacy
Leadership of Davis
Inflation (using new currency
Inferior numbers in men, money, and machinery
State sovereignty did not work during war

25. Railroad Lines, 1860

26. Resource s: North & the South

27. Slave/Free States Population, 1861

28. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

29. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant
Irwin McDowell
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan

30. George McClellan 1st General of Union Army (1861 & 1862)
chose to lead - good administrator, popular with troops, incredibly cautious
fired after Battle of Antietam (Antietam ended in a stalemate, but Lincoln considered it a victory; South had been winning until this point)

31. McClellan: I Can Do It All!

32. Ulysses S. Grant Born in Ohio as Hiram U. Grant graduate of West Point
fought in the Mexican War
resigned from army and failed at several business ventures; tried farming/owned slaves in Missouri
Returned to the army; led troops in the West (TN, MS), and came to VA when called by Lincoln
Became last Union general of the Civil War

33. William Tecumseh Sherman
Leads “March to Sea” through Georgia and the Carolinas
Burns Atlanta
"General Grant is a great general. I know him well. He stood by me when I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk; and now, sir, we stand by each other always."

34. Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy:
Anaconda Plan

35. Anaconda Plan Northern strategy for war - 3 parts
blockade southern ports preventing exporting of cotton or importing of manufactured goods
move union river boats and army down Mississippi River splitting confed. in half
capture confederate capital at Richmond, VA

37. Nathan Bedford Forrest
Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Jeb Stuart
George Pickett
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee

38. Robert E. Lee Virginian, born in Stafford, lived in Arlington
modest, willing to take chances, great soldier
West Point graduate
fought in war with Mexico
Married Mary Custis (granddaughter of George Washington)
led the group of Marines in capturing John Brown
Disagreed with slavery
turned down an offer to lead in the Union army when VA seceded (loved Virginia & the South)

39. Robert E. Lee
Asked to and took control of the Confederate Army (called the Army of Northern Virginia)
Considered the greatest general in American History (other than GW)
Loved by his men, respected by Grant
Went on to work at Washington College in Lexington after the war (now Washington & Lee University)

40. Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson
Virginian
Graduated from West Point
Fought in Mexican-American War
Taught at Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Lexington, VA
stood “like a stone wall” in battle
Loved by his troops
leader in confederate victory at Bull Run
Shot accidentally by his own men at Battle of Chancellorsville
Buried in Lexington, VA (statue at VMI salutes Robert E. Lee – also buried here)

41. Southern Strategy? mostly defensive (majority of battles fought in VA)
attack and invade when opportunity arose
Ready to fight on southern borders

42. Lincoln sends troops South