1. Chapter 24, Industry Comes of Age

2. Iron Colt become and Iron Horse
Railroads
Iron Colt become and Iron Horse

3. Railroads in US 1865: 35,000 miles of track

4. Government Gave land and grants to railroad companies Railroad= Rr

5. Transcontinental Railroad
Union Pacific Company (Irish)
Central Pacific Company (Chinese)
Met in Promontory Point, Utah

8. More railroads,
More problems… with Indians

9. Effects of more Rrds: Conflicts w/ Indians
Trade (across America, Asia)
Increased population in the West
communication

10. Railroad consolidation
Cornelius
Vanderbilt

11. Railroad mechanization
Improvements:
Steel rail
Standard track gauge
Airbrake
Pullman cars

14. Effects of railroads
Transported raw materials (more industrialization)
Time zones
Bought lots of steel
Mining/agriculture in the west
Urbanization
Immigration
Environmental devastation
Made millionaires

15. “Made millionaires”= corruption
“stock watering”
Insider trading

16. Government takes control (kind of)
“American dream”
Laissez-faire economics
1870s: midwestern states tried to regulate rrds
Wabash vs. Illinois- states can’t regulate interstate trade

17. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
Regulated rrds a little
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Not perfect
Set a precedent that government could regulate business

18. Increased mechanization in US
1860: 49th in world in manufacturing
1893: 1st

19. Why?
6 reasons

20. 1. Foreign investments

21. 2. Innovations in transportation
rrds

22. 3. mining US has (had) lots of natural resources: Coal Oil Iron Copper
Zinc

23. 4. Interchangeable parts

24. 5. Incentive to invent machines
Businesses want to replace expensive skilled labor with cheap unskilled workers and machines

25. 6. Inventions Telephone- 1976 Thomas Edison Phonograph Mimeograph
Dictaphone
Moving picture
Lightbulb

27. Nikola Tesla

28. Vocab

29. Vertical integration Andrew Carnegie, steel
Combining all phases of manufacturing
Ex. from “mining to marketing”

30. Horizontal Integration
Rockefeller
Allying with competitors to monopolize market
“trust”

33. Bessemer process Method to get rid of impurities in steel Science
Cheapish

34. Social Darwinism “Gospel of Wealth” “survival of the fittest”
The best will rise to the top of society
Therefore, poor people are lazy/stupid

35. Oil Industry 1859: “Drake’s Folly”, first oil well in PA
1870s: Kerosene
1880s: lightbulb

36. John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil (monopoly)

37. Government steps in Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890: No more trusts
Not very successful (loopholes)
Actually used to punish unions

38. Impact of Industrial Revolution on women
Women go to work
Telephone, typewriter, stenograph
Economic necessity

39. Gibson girls

40. Impact on workers 2 out of 3 Americans depended on wages
No job or wage protection
No unemployment benefits

41. Photography
Jacob Riis
Lewis Hine

48. Unions Not successful initially: Businesses had all the power
Immigrants looking for jobs
“scabs”
“iron-clad oaths”
“yellow-dog contracts”
“black lists”

49. National Labor Union 1866-1872 600,000 members Excluded Chinese
Killed by the depression on 1873

50. Knights of Labor 700,000 members Welcomed everyone
Campaigned for political and economic reform
Died off in the 1890s

51. Haymarket Square Labor strikes in Chicago
Bomb was thrown, killed about 12 people
Anarchists were arrested

52. American Federation of Labor
1866
Samuel Gompers
Skilled laborers
A collection of individual unions who retained their own autonomy

54. Labor disorders 1881-1900 23,000 strikes 6.6 million workers
$450 million lost