1. Vocabulary Savanna – tropical grasslands
Rift Valleys – deep valleys that formed when the Earth’s crust separated and broke apart
Deforestation – cutting down forests
Landlocked – no direct access to a coast

2. Unit 4 Sub-Saharan Africa

3. Physical Geography West Africa Central Africa East Africa
Savannas and much of the Sahel (semi-arid grassland)
Central Africa
Rain Forests and the Congo Basin
East Africa
Rift Valleys
Southern Africa
Great Plateaus and the Kalahari Desert

4. East Africa
Great Rift Valley – In some places is 60 miles wide and can rise more than 6,000 feet
Forming for more than 20 million years, and still continues
Plate movement also created the freshwater lakes
Lake Tanganyika is 4700 feet deep
East Africa mostly sits on plateaus, and dormant volcanoes also exist
Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya have volcanic soil nearby for good farmland

5. West Africa Semi-arid grassland, short rainy season and is very dry
Growing population has led to the need for more farmland. This has led to deforestation, which causes erosion and desertification
Coastal countries have more people, thus more cities. Also tropical climates with high rainfall
Interior countries are dry, making farming a struggle

6. Central Africa
Congo Basin is the main feature, contains a rain forest that is the second largest in the world
Vegetation is so thick that sometimes sunlight doesn’t reach the ground
Moving through is difficult
LOTS of wildlife
Congo River, centered on the Equator, flows to the Atlantic Ocean
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has a wealth of natural resources
Government mishandling has led to very little wealth distribution

7. Southern Africa
Has the highest standard of living due to fertile farmland and natural resources
Six of the countries here are landlocked
Copper, gold and diamonds are found here. Valuable but the work is dangerous
Temperate climate supports a good variety of crops

8. Label the following: Angola Namibia Chad Niger
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Sudan
Ghana
South Africa
Ivory Coast
Tanzania
Kenya
Madagascar
Mali

9. Vocabulary
Caravans – groups of merchants traveling together for safety
Lingua Franca – common language between multiple groups of people
City-states – independent states made up of a city and the territories depending on it
Imperialism – extending a nation’s influence by controlling other territories
Colonialism – directly controlling and settling foreign territories

10. TEST RECAP YOU MUST HAVE A RED PEN!!!
Use your red pen to make the correct answers on your answer sheet
We will go over the test question by question, when we reach a question that you answered incorrectly, please use your red pen to fill in the correct answer
If you are doing test corrections, you will need this answer sheet!

11. History of Sub-Saharan Africa

12. Bantu Migrations
After the agricultural revolution, around 2000 BC, the Bantu Migration began. By 1000 AD, the people had spread from Central Africa to the south and east across the region
Historians are not sure why the Bantu people began to migrate, but when they did they took their cultural traits and skills with them
Iron working was a big advantage
As the people moved, other groups absorbed into theirs
Nearly 85 million can trace their heritage to this – more than 400 ethnic groups
Swahili is the best known surviving language, eventually used as a trade language
Caravans spread the language throughout Africa
Swahili is the lingua franca of many groups of people

13. Early States and Trade
Gold and salt trade in the West led to a number of empires
Ghana gained wealth and power by taxing trade and controlled the area from 700 AD to the 1200s, eventually being taken over by Mali
Kingdom of Benin – 1200s to 1800s, actively traded with European countries
East Africa – Aksum Empire (Ethiopia) AD
Many city-states in East Africa grew from trading

14. Impact of Slave Trade
Slavery existed in Africa for many years before European contact, mostly through warfare
Began with the Portuguese around 1500, enslaved peoples were brought to the coast and sold
Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and English all took part
Once sold, they were on the Middle Passage for months, about 2 million died
Slaves were used for plantation labor – sugar, cotton, and tobacco
More than 12 million enslaved and shipped between 1500 and the mid 1800s, mostly to Brazil and the Caribbean

15. Colonization to Independence
European imperialism began at the same time as trade, in search of profitable resources
Colonies came soon after
Mid-1800s, European countries were fighting over African colonies
The need for natural resources started it, European weapons meant an almost certain victory
1884 – Berlin Conference held to divide African claims; Africa not invited
Missionaries were a large part of European presence
Pan-Africanism began in early 1900s as a move for unity
1950s and 1960s, the movement brought leaders together

16. Africa’s Borders and Cultures
Before Colonization
Borders between African cultural groups developed through agreement or conflict.
Natural features often defined the borders, which were easy to identify and control.
Natural borders along bodies of water provided transportation corridors.

17. Africa’s Borders and Cultures
During Colonization
Europeans regularly ignored borders of African cultural groups.
Borders met European needs for resources and for compromise with other colonial powers.
Cultural groups were divided, forced to share territory with rivals, or both.

18. Africa’s Borders and Cultures
After Colonization
There are few Sub-Saharan African countries in which people share one common culture.
Cultural differences have often led to civil wars over power, territory, and resources.
Military dictatorships often formed to impose order.

19. Kenya Modernizes Challenges
Kenya has 40 ethnic groups, and sometimes such cultural diversity leads to rivalry and conflict there.
Education is a key factor in modernization for any country, including Kenya.
Kenya’s diverse geography and wildlife draw many tourists.

20. Kenya Modernizes Strategies
Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya’s first elected leader, appointed members from different ethnic groups as his advisors. He and other leaders encouraged domestic policies that led to economic growth and modernization.
Most children in Kenya attend free elementary schools.
The Kenyan government wants to protect the national parks and nature reserves.

21. Kenya Modernizes Outcomes
Kenyatta helped all Kenyans pull together and work toward the common goal of modernization and economic growth.
Between 1970 and 2003, the adult literacy rate increased from 32 percent to 85 percent.
Kenya’s national parks and nature reserves attract tourists and bring jobs and wealth into the country.

22. Vocabulary Epidemic – outbreak
Refugees - individuals who have been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Drought – water shortages

23. Conflict/Development
After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Africa spent the next 60 years dominated by Europe
All of Africa’s people and resources were exploited by Europe for nearly a century
Many of Africa’s problems today exist because of this

24. AIDS/HIV
Africa has the most serious outbreak in the world – 71% of the world’s total
A number of countries are creating campaigns for more widespread testing and awareness

25. Conflict Main source of misery in the country
Conflict leads to a higher percentage of poverty and hunger/undernourishment
Also has a higher percentage of under-education and extreme criminal violence
These problems tend to push people out of their homes

26. Environment
Erosion, desertification and drought are big challenges in many countries
Leads to hunger and poverty

27. Famine
UN estimates that 239 million were hungry/undernourished in 2010
2nd largest continent
Largest in terms of proportion, 30% of population
Poverty in the main problem – 47% living on $1.25 a day