1. How did the First World War transform Europe?
World War I
How did the First World War transform Europe?

2. Nationalism
Everyone thought their cause was just and went enthusiastically to war.
Everyone thought it was going to be a quick and easy war.

3. Stalemate
Stalemate on the Western front-Battle of the Marne stops German armies
Neither Germans nor French armies can move forward, so they dig in.
No one expected this!

4. Trench Warfare
The line of trenches were protected by barbed wire, machine guns, and heavy artillery.
Attempts to break through were futile with millions of deaths

6. New Weapons
Zeppelins
U-boats
Poison Gas
Tanks
Airplanes

7. Total War How do you break a stalemate? Up the ante!
Difference between civilian and soldier becomes blurred.
Attacks on civilians—air raids by Zeppelins
Women in the workforce (Britain grants women the right to vote in 1918)

8. War of Attrition Offensive war becomes a long drawn out defensive war.
Attempt to wear your enemy down through constant attacks
Battle of Verdun (Germans try to wear down French)
Battle of the Somme (Allies try to wear down Germans)
Everyone fails

9. Examining Paintings
How did artists depict their experience of the war?

10. Artists as Soldiers
Unlike previous wars that used career soldiers , civilians from every social class and occupation participated
Among the millions of conscripts sent to the war were artists
They painted from their experience of the war
Otto Dix, Self-Portrait Wearing a Gunner's Helmet, 1914, ink and watercolour on paper

11. Stalemate
Félix Vallotton, Verdun Interpreted War Painting, Coloured Black, Red and Blue Projections, Destroyed Lands, Clouds of Gas, 1917, oil on canvas

12. C. R. W. Nevinson, Machine-gun, 1915, oil on canvas

13. Fernand Léger, La partie de cartes (Soldiers Playing at Cards), 1917, oil on canvas

14. C. R. W. Nevinson, Explosion, c.1916, oil on canvas

15. C. R. W. Nevinson, Returning to the Trenches, 1914-15, oil on canvas,

16. Félix Vallotton, Les barbelés (Barbed- wire), 1916, woodcut,

17. Otto Dix, Assault under Gas, 1924, watercolour,
New Weapons
Otto Dix, Assault under Gas, 1924, watercolour,

18. William Roberts, The First German Gas Attack at Ypres, 1918, oil on canvas

19. C. R. W. Nevinson, A Taube, 1916-17, oil on canvas
Total War
C. R. W. Nevinson, A Taube, , oil on canvas

20. Paul Nash, Night Bombardment, 1918-1919, oil on canvas

21. John Singer Sargent, Gassed, 1918- 19, oil on canvas

22. Georges Leroux, L'Enfer (Hell), 1917-18, oil on canvas

23. Eric Heckel, Zwei Verwundete (Two Wounded Soldiers), 1915, woodcut on paper

24. Otto Dix, "War Cripples," 1920

25. We are the hollow men We are the stuffed men Leaning together Headpiece filled with straw. Alas! Our dried voices, when We whisper together Are quiet and meaningless As wind in dry grass Or rats' feet over broken glass In our dry cellar T. S. Eliot, “The Hollow Men”
Félix Vallotton, The Cemetery of Châlons sur Marne, , oil on canvas

26. Frans Masereel, Arise, You Dead, Infernal Resurrection, 1917, woodcut

27. Otto Dix, Triptychon Der Krieg (War Triptych), 1929-32, tempera on wood

28. This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper. T. S
This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper. T. S. Eliot, “The Hollow Men”