1. THE COMING OF AGE OF MODERN AMERICA
OBJ: TO ASSESS THE RISE OF AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER AND WHETHER OR NOT SHE CREATED AN EMPIRE IN THE PROCESS

2. I. BECOMING A WORLD POWER
A. EARLY FOREIGN POLICY
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
LOUISIANA, MEXICAN CESSION
TREATY OF KANAGAWA 1854, PERRY & TOKAGAWA SHOGUNATE
THEN SECRETARY OF STATE WM. SEWARD
FORCED FRENCH WITHDRAWAL FROM MEXICO 1866
SEWARD’S FOLLY – ALASKA ‘66
ACQUISITION OF MIDWAY ISLANDS ’67
TREATY OF WASHINGTON 1871 – GB PAID FOR US LOSSES IN CIVIL WAR $15.5 MILLION
SAMOA 1878 TREATY FOR NAVAL STATION

3. B. 1880 & IMPERIALIST STIRRINGS
ECONOMIC EXPANSION
RISE OF EXPORTS
NEED FOR MARKETS
“NEW IMPERIALISM”
APPLICATION OF DARWIN TO GOVERNMENT
JOSIAH STRONG, “OUR COUNTRY” 1885
Justification for expansion; racism & religion; Democracy ‘best’ gov’t & must be brought to ‘backward people’
A.T. MAHAN, “THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY” 1890
Sea power = greatness, to protect U.S. from invasion need navy & worldwide bases to support it
RUDYARD KIPLING, “THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” 1899, POST SP-AM WAR
Duty of west to help ‘little brown brother’, backward, uneducated, in need of religion

4. C. 1890 AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY. FRONTIER ‘CLOSED’ 1890. PANIC 1893
C AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY *FRONTIER ‘CLOSED’ *PANIC *LABOR PROTESTS *INCREASED EXPORTS *SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA APOSTLE’S OF IMPERIALISM MADE CASE FOR EXPANSION *Strong, Mahan, T. Roosevelt, H. C. Lodge, James G. Blaine – Secy State Garfield & Harrison *CLEVELAND & GB - VENEZUELA BORDER DISPUTE 1895

5. GETTING SERIOUS 1. HAWAII 1895
EARLY 19TH C. WAY STATION, MISSIONARIES & PROSPERITY
1875 TREATY DUTY FREE HI SUGAR
1887 PEARL HARBOR NAVAL BASE
MCKINLEY TARIFF HURT EXPORTS
1891 QUEEN LILIUOKALANI
1893 REVOLT LED BY ANGLO’S & U.S. MARINES
CLEVELAND NIXED ANNEXATION
1898 ANNEXATION BY JOINT RESOLUTION

6. 2. CUBA
ECO ISSUES POST MCKINLEY TARIFF
CUBAN REVOLTS AGAINST SPAIN HAD U.S. SUPPORT
GEN. V. WEYLER SENT TO QUELL VIOLENCE – RESISTANCE DUG IN
“BUTCHER”, RECONSITUTION CAMPS
YELLOW PRESS – HEARST & PULITZER
ELECTION DIVERTED ATTENTION
THEN DELOME LETTER – INCREASED TENSIONS BETWEEN SPAIN & U.S.
USS MAINE EXPLODED IN HAVANA HARBOR 2/15/98
WAR HYSTERIA, YELLOW PRESS, EXPANSIONISTS ALL WANT WAR
MCKINLEY ANTI-WAR BUT COULDN’T IGNORE ‘WISHES’ OF PUBLIC
TELLER AMENDMENT- “NEVER ANNEX CUBA” -
CONGRESS DECLARED WAR: TO FREE CUBA FROM SPANISH CONTROL (?)

7. “THE SPLENDID LITTLE WAR” – J. HAY
APRIL TO AUGUST 1898
FREE CUBA BUT, 1ST ACTION IN PHILIPPINES
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
RISE OF TEDDY ROOSEVELT – ARDENT EXPANSIONIST
BATTLE OF SANTIAGO, CUBA 7/1
SAN JUAN HILL, ROUGH RIDERS, BUFFALO SOLDIERS
U.S. ANNEXED HAWAII 7/7 – COALING STATION & RESIDENTS BECAME CITIZENS
PUERTO RICO REQUESTED SAME DEAL AS CUBA FROM U.S.
TREATY OF PARIS 1898
CUBA, PR, GUAM
PHILIPPINES FOR $20 MILL

8. RATIFICATION DEBATE WAS FIERCE WM. JENNINGS BRYAN KEY FIGURE IN PASSAGE
ANTI-IMPERIALISTS
EXPANSIONISTS
CARNEGIE, GOMPERS, TWAIN
NO LABOR COMPETITION
SUGAR INTERESTS FEARED COMPETITION
NO BROWNING OF THE POPULATION
IMMORAL
LARGE STANDING ARMY & ALLIANCES NECESSARY FOR EMPIRE & COSTLY
TR: REINVIGORATE NATION
EVERYONE HAS ONE
BIG BUSINESS: DOMINATE ASIAN TRADE
REPUBLICANS: FEATHER IN THEIR CAP
SPREAD DEMOCRACY & CHRISTIANITY
WE ALREADY POSSESS THEM

9. II. REPUBLIC TURNED EMPIRE
A. HOW TO HANDLE POSSESSIONS
CUBA: TELLER AMENDMENT 1898
PLATT AMENDMENT 1901 – GUANTANAMO & US IN CHARGE OF CUBAN FOR. POLICY
US AID FOR INFRASTRUCTURE, SCHOOLS, LEGAL & FINANCIAL SYSTEMS BUT….
RESISTANCE TO “YANKEE IMPERIALSIM”
P.R.: FORAKER ACT 1900
ENDED MILITARY RULE & ESTABLISHED COLONIAL GOV’T IN PR
PUERTO RICANS HAD NO REAL POLITICAL AUTONOMY
(1917 JONES ACT: PR US TERRITORY & CITIZENS OF U.S.)

10. CITIZENSHIP FOR SOME BUT NOT ALL?
GUAM, AMERICAN SAMOA, PHILIPPINES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INCORPORATED & UNICORPORATED TERRITORY
MUST BE ON PATH TO STATEHOOD
DOES THE CONSTITUTION FOLLOW THE FLAG?
INSULAR CASES – 1901
DOWNES V. BIDWELL – CHALLENGED TARIFF ON PR SUGAR

11. B. PROBLEMS FOR U.S. EMPIRE
1. PHILIPPINE REBELLION (WAR)
US EMPIRE NOT THAT DIFFERENT FROM EUROPEAN EMPIRES
INDEPENDENCE & AUTONOMY WASN’T GOAL
NATIONALIST LEADER: AGUINALDO HAD FILIPINO SUPPORT
TAFT’S EFFORTS DIDN’T WORK
GUERILLA TACTICS, BRUTALITY
2. “INFORMAL EMPIRE” ELECTION 1900
CHINA
EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE POST JAPANESE DEFEAT OF CHINA OVER KOREA
J. HAY OPEN DOOR NOTES 1898: KEEP CHINA OPEN FOR ALL TO TRADE & PREVENT DIVISION OF CHINA
BOXER REBELLION 1900 & 2ND OPEN DOOR NOTES