1. Bioenergetics
(Bio.A.3)

2. The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle - the movement of carbon between the organisms, atmosphere, oceans, and soil.
The exchange of carbon happens between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.

3. Abiotic Environments Carbon exists in abiotic environments as:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in atmosphere and in oceans
Carbonate rocks (CaCO3)
Examples: limestone and coral
Fossil Fuels
Example: coal, petroleum, and natural gas
Dead organic material

4. Biotic Environments
Plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to make food
Phytoplankton – floating organisms that do photosynthesis
Animals eat foods that contain carbon.
Zooplankton – floating organisms that eat food containing carbon
Remember…
Autotrophs or producers are living things that make their own food (sugar).
Hetertrophs or consumers are living things that must eat their food.

5. Once the carbon is in living organisms, it is further converted and released:
Consumption - carbon transferred to a consumer when an organism is eaten
Decomposition - carbon transferred to the soil via the decay of a dead organism
Respiration - carbon released into the air as CO2 gas

7. Carbon Sinks
Carbon Sink – a natural or manmade reservoir that holds and stores carbon for long periods of time
Ex: Landfills, oceans, fossil fuels

8. Photosynthesis

10. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
(carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen)
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy (glucose).
Plants do photosynthesis to make food (glucose).
Oxygen is a byproduct.
From where do plants get carbon dioxide ?
From where do plants get and water?
Bio.A.3.2.1

11. Remember, autotrophs are producers that include:
Plants
Algae
Some bacteria

12. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts (a type of plastid)
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is the pigment that uses sunlight to make food. It is made of protein.
Bio.A.3.1.1

13. Green light is reflected so this is why most plants appear green.
Most plants contain other pigments that help chlorophyll absorb more light.
Example: carotenoids

14. Chloroplasts

15. Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO H2O + 38ATP
(glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) (energy)
Respiration converts the chemical energy of glucose to the chemical energy of ATP.
Living things do respiration to make energy (ATP).
Bio.A.3.2.1

16. Aerobic Respiration Occurs in ALL living things.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO H2O + 38ATP
(glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) (energy)
Occurs in ALL living things.
CO2 and H2O are byproducts.
Mostly occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
Bio.A.3.2.1

17. ATP and Energy
Bio.A.3.2.2

18. ATP Stand for Adenosine Triphosphate The “universal” energy
Needed to run all processes necessary to support life such as thinking, running, breathing, etc.
It is a chemical that contains 3 phosphate groups and is like a fully charged battery.
ATP releases energy by breaking off phosphate (P).
ATP ADP + P + ENERGY
Bio.A.3.2.2

19. ADP is Adenosine Diphosphate.
It is a chemical that contains 2 phosphate groups and is like a partially charged battery.
ADP stores energy by adding a P.
ATP ADP + P + ENERGY
Bio.A.3.2.2

20. CELLULAR rESPIRATION
There are two major types of cellular respiration:
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen
Makes lots of energy (38 ATP)
Occurs in mitochondria
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
No oxygen needed
Makes a little energy (2ATP)
Occurs in cytoplasm
Two types: alcoholic and lactic acid
Bio.A.3.1.1
Bio.A.3.2.1

21. Alcoholic Fermentation
Glucose → alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP
Ex: Yeast causes bread dough to rise when baked and alcohol evaporates.
Bio.A.3.2.1

22. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose → Lactic acid + 2ATP
Ex: Humans produce lactic acid in their muscles during rapid exercise (sprinting, weight lifting, etc.)
Bio.A.3.2.1

23. Global Warming
Global Warming

24. Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse effect – gases are creating a curtain around the Earth trapping sunlight in the atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere include:
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide.

26. Global Carbon Output

27. Global Carbon Output

28. Global Warming
Global warming – the gradual increase of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) increases the greenhouse effect, which increases the average global temperature

29. Connection Between CO2 concentration and Temperature
Source: NOAA 2012

30. What does [CO2] look like today?
Let’s take a closer look at this.
Source: NOAA 2012

32. What about solar output?
Source: NOAA 2012

33. Causes of Global Warming
Human-caused activities have aided in global warming starting with the Industrial Revolution.
Power plants
93% of emissions from the electric utility industry comes from coal.
Car emissions
33% of US carbon dioxide emissions.
Deforestation
Agriculture
Methane is 20 times more harmful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, but there is not nearly as much methane made.

35. Effects of Global Warming
Polar ice caps have been melting rapidly.
In 2006, almost all of the 300 glaciers worldwide are melting.
Sea level rising quickly.
Increased ocean temperatures
Associated with more severe weather (hurricanes).

36. Source EPA.gov 2012

37. Source: National Geographic

38. This is what the US coastline would look like if all of the polar ice in the world melted.

39. Increased acidity in oceans.
More carbon dioxide is being absorbed in the oceans, which makes carbonic acid.
Acidic oceans are killing marine life.

40. Other Air Pollutants from Fossil Fuels
If not for the CO2 then maybe for…
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Ozone (O3)
Mercury
Particulates
Other Heavy Metals
Nitrous Oxide (NO)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Unburned Hydrocarbons
Source: College of Earth and Mineral Science PSU