1. Well…Bellwork
How did the test go?
Opinion

2. Modern Era Bellwork
What were two of Gorbachev policies that helped modernize the Soviet Union?
Cultural openness, economic reform, Arms reduction, not backing communist states in revolutions

3. Objective
WWBAT: Discuss in the impacts of the development of the Global Economy
WWBAT: Introduce the development of the modern feminist and environmental movements

5. Interactive Notebook Setup
5/4/2016
Global Changes and movements
This will be one page

6. Environmental Changes and Responses
Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Feminism
Environmental Changes and Responses

7. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Economic globalization has helped generate the most remarkable increase in economic growth and creation of wealth in world history
Value of total world output in 1950 = $7.1 trillion
Value of total world output in 2003 = $55.9 trillion
Positive impacts on human welfare:
Growth in life expectancies
Declining infant mortality rates
Increasing literacy
Falling world poverty

8. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Economic globalization has also created worldwide economic instability
Example #1: = oil shortage  rising oil prices  stock market crash  economic hardships for both developed and developing countries
Example #2: 2008 = inflated housing market in U.S. collapsed  millions of home foreclosures  banks closing  growing unemployment  tightening of credit  declining consumer spending

9. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
“Urban bias”
Too much focus on city-based industrial development and neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture
“Male bias”
Encouraging men to work in modern industries and women to work in agriculture
Debate over capital and technology-drive projects versus investment in “human capital”
Capital-driven projects = dams, factories, etc.
“Human capital” investment = education, technical training, health care, nutrition, etc.

10. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Economic globalization increased the gap between the Global North and the Global South
Clear division in the human community = the rich industrialized countries (mostly in Europe and North America) versus everyone else

11. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
This widening gap has been evident in great differences in:
Incomes
Medical care
Availability of clean drinking water
Educational and employment opportunities
Access to the Internet

12. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Contentious economic issues of eqaulity between the Global North and the Global South:
Rules for free trade
Availability of and terms for foreign aid
Representation in international economic organizations
Growing problem of indebtedness
Environmental and labor standards

13. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Inequalities among developing countries themselves have also delayed reforming the world economy in favor of the poor
Example #1: Oil-rich nations in the Middle East versus banana-producing countries of Central America
Example #2: Rapidly industrializing states of China and India versus impoverished African countries
Beijing, China
Darfur, Sudan

14. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Economic globalization has also created inequalities within individual nations based on location, profession, ect
For Example:
U.S. = gap between unskilled Americans (manufacturing and low-wage service sector jobs) versus skilled Americans
Mexico = gap between urban, industrial north and rural, agricultural south
China = gap between rural households and those in the growing cities

15. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
1990s saw a creation of an international coalition comprised of many different groups of people from rich and poor countries alike
Anti-globalization Movement developed to oppose to neo-liberal globalization

16. Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Anti-Globalization movement claims:
Lowered labor standards
Devastated the environment
Prevented poor countries from protecting themselves against financial speculators
Ignored local cultures
Disregarded human rights
Enhanced global inequality
Favored only the interests of large corporations and rich countries
Antiglobalization Activists

17. Globalization and an American Empire
U.S. = an “empire of production”
Uses its wealth to entice or intimidate potential collaborators
“Soft power” of the U.S.:
Cultural attractiveness
Political and cultural freedoms
Economic benefits of cooperation
General willingness of many to follow the American lead voluntarily

19. A Global Culture of Liberation
1960s = emergence of many protest movements suggested the creation of a global culture of liberation
In the United States
In Europe
Civil rights movements of African Americans and Hispanic Americans
Protests against unresponsive bureaucracy, consumerism, and middle-class values
Counterculture of rock music, sex, drugs, etc. (“hippie” movement)
Student-led protests against conditions in universities
Protests against the Vietnam War
Protests against police brutality

20. Feminism 1st wave = in the 19th century 2nd wave began in the 1960s
Emphasis on: voting and political rights
2nd wave began in the 1960s
Emphasis on: education, employment, reproductive and sexuality rights, etc.

21. Feminism
Famous book that became central to the women’s movement in the West = Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Disclosed the identity crisis of educated women who were unfulfilled by marriage and motherhood
Made education and employment the forefront of the feminist movement in the West

22. Feminism
Women’s Liberation Movement Brought into open discussion “taboo” issues involving sexuality
Free love, lesbianism, celibacy, etc.
Took broader aim at patriarchy as a system of domination, similar to those of race and class
Belief = liberation for women meant becoming aware of their own oppression
Preferred direct action vs. political lobbying
Example: releasing stink bombs at the 1968 Miss America pageant

23. Feminism in the West: Women of Color
Women of color believed that the concerns of white, middle-class feminists had nothing to do with their oppression
They viewed mainstream feminism as a “family quarrel between white women and white men”
White Women in West
Women of Color in West
Focus = on fighting the oppressive “family” structure, education, employment
Focus = on fighting racism and poverty
Sought liberation from the “chains” of homemaking and domesticity
Had always worked outside of the home
Viewed the family as a secure base from which to combat racism
Wanted to work WITHOUT men
Wanted to work WITH men of color

24. Feminism
Different conditions in developing nations created sharp criticism of Western feminism
Believed Western feminism was too individualistic and too focused on issues of sexuality, motherhood, marriage, and poverty
Resented Western feminists’ interests in cultural matters such as female genital mutilation and polygamy  what would they know about that??  insulting and pretentious

25. Feminism in the Global South
Women’s movements in the Global South took shape around a wide range of issues, not all of which were solely based on gender  examples:
Country or Region
Focus of Women’s Movement
Kenya
Providing support for one another, community projects, buying land/businesses, etc.
Morocco
Changing the Family Law Code to recognize women as equals to their husbands & let them initiate divorce and claim child custody
Chile
Ending military dictatorship, stopping torture and the “disappearance” of political opponents, economic survival, democracy
South Korea
Democracy, better pay & working conditions, end to sexual harassment in the workplace

26. Feminism
Several sharp divisions within global feminism began to emerge:
Who should speak on behalf of women?  Official delegates of male-dominate governments vs. more radical and unofficial representatives from nongovernmental organizations
Global North vs. Global South issues
Global North = focus on political and civil rights
Global South = focus on economic justice, decolonization, and disarmament
Different issues among nations in the Global South
Example: Muslim women AGAINST equal inheritance because it violates Islamic law

27. Reaction to Feminism
Global backlash to international feminism also began to emerge
Believed this movement was too radical
Believed it undermined family life, proper relationships between men and women, etc.
In the Islamic World  people found Western-style feminism highly offensive due to its focus on gender equality and open sexuality
Backlash from certain religions (i.e. Christianity)  especially with reproductive issues like abortion and birth control

28. Environmental Changes and Responses
Major causes of increased human impact on environment:
Population explosion
New ability of humankind to tap the energy potential of fossil fuels  coal, oil, hydroelectricity, natural gas, nuclear power
Unprecedented economic growth as science and technology increased the production of goods and services

29. Environmental Changes and Responses
Most critical environmental transformation is global warming
Global warming caused by two major factors:
Increased burning of fossil fuels = emit heat-trapping greenhouse gases
Loss of trees = would otherwise remove carbon dioxide from the air

30. Environmental Changes and Responses
Concerns with global warming:
Melting glaciers and polar ice caps
Rising sea levels
Thawing permafrost
Extreme hurricanes
Further species extinction

31. Environmental Changes and Responses
1st wave of environmentalism in the 1800s in the wake of the industrial revolution
Expressed a need for “scientific management” of nature
“Wilderness idea” = aimed to preserve untouched areas from human disruption
Creation of many U.S. national parks
No mass following or large global response
Yellowstone National Park
In Wyoming
Established in 1872

32. Environmental Changes and Responses
2nd wave of environmentalism in the 2nd half of the 1900s
Began with the publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
Exposed the chemical contamination of the environment that threatened both human health and the survival of many species
Generated an enormous response and launched the environmental movement in the U.S.

33. Environmental Changes and Responses
This environmental movement spread to other parts of the West as well
Club of Rome = a global think tank headquartered in Europe
Germany = emergence of the Green Party
Major concerns of Western environmentalists pollution, wilderness issues, and opposition to development in untouched areas

34. Environmentalism in the West Environmentalism in the Global South
Green and Global
1970s-1980s = environmental movements began in the Global South as well
Environmentalism in the West
Environmentalism in the Global South
National movement; many large national organizations
More locally based
Involved affluent members of the middle-class
Involved poor people
Engaged in political lobbying and corporate strategies
Environmental movements often overlap with other movements for political and social reform
More concerned with the rights of nature and wilderness protection
More concerned with issues of: food security, health, and basic survival
Relatively nonviolent movement
Movements occasionally become violent  guerrilla warfare actions by “green armies”

35. Green and Global
Late 20th century = environmentalism became a global concern
Led to the global “green revolution”
Legislation passed in many countries to limit air pollution
Pushed many businesses in a “green” direction
Fostered research on alternative and renewable resources
Stimulated UN conferences on global warming
Persuaded millions of people to “go green” and alter their way of life
Generated many international agreements addressing issues such as ozone depletion and global warming

36. Environmental Changes and Responses
Major conflict between the Global North and Global South
Developing countries often feel that Northern initiatives to address atmospheric pollution and global warming will prevent their industrial development
Global South pushed to limit its emissions to cut down on pollution, but they didn’t create that pollution in the first place
Shouldn’t the industrialized countries accept more responsibility?

37. World Cup/Olympics

38. Global Interactions in Culture
Sports
--Baseball becomes majorly popular in Japan
--The Olympic constantly grow in popular
--Football (soccer) and the World Cup
*spread around the world via the British
*Colonial nationalists emphasized playing football to generate a national identity
*Sports serve as a way for nations to interact
Art
--Other cultures represented in Western art, such as African sculpture in Pablo Picasso’s pieces and Japanese woodblock printing influence in Impressionism

40. Global Interactions in Culture
Reggae
--Roots in slave trade to Jamaica, Marcus Garvey’s
Pan-Africanism of the early 20th century
--1930s-Ethiopians believed new leader,
Haile Selassie (originally named Ras Tafari) was
the Messiah; translated this into new religion,
Rastafarianism
--1960s-American styles of R&B and soul led
Jamaicans to adapt/transform those styles in
new ways = reggae (Bob Marley)
--Marley and The Wailers blended this with
spiritual message of Rastafarianism and a
political message of resistance
--Reggae spread throughout the world