1. The Cold War Ends & A New World Emerges
Chapter 11.2
Grade 9 Social Studies

2. The Beginning of the End
As we have seen in Chapter 8, during the Cold War relations between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated world affairs/issues
This situation finally began to change in the late 1980’s
When Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 he began to reform/change the political and economic system of the Soviet Union.
Under Gorbachev, the citizens of the Soviet Union could openly criticize the government, government corruption was lessened and in 1989 more than one party was allowed to run in the elections

3. Gorbachev

4. Gorbachev’s Reforms
During the late 1980’s Gorbachev also introduced elements of Capitalism into the Soviet Economy, mainly to allow the economy of the Soviet Union to better meet the needs of the Soviet People
Because of these changes the United States and the Soviet Union became friendlier with one another, and the Soviet Union felt less pressure to continue with the “arms race”

5. Communism’s Decline
Gorbachev’s reforms also had another even larger effect on the Soviet Union and its satellites
Poland, Hungary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia began to reject Communism and broke away from the Soviet Union in The “fall” of the Berlin Wall is the greatest example of this.
Also, the Soviet republics of Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Azerbaijan broke away within the next year or two. The Soviet Union then ceased to exist. Russia was now a lone country, no longer a superpower, and because of this the Cold War was officially over

8. A Different World
Many people around the world hoped that with the end of the Cold War the world would be able to have some degree of lasting peace
It was believed that neither the United States or Russia would have to continue with their level of arms development and the “arms race”
The United States became the world’s only superpower at this point, and because of its vast military power, and its connection to NATO and the UN, it was believed that the US and the West would become the worlds police force

9. New Role for Peacekeeping?
With the end of the Cold War, the UN had to redefine its peacekeeping role around the world. From 1948 to 1989 it had intervened and sent peacekeepers on 14 missions around the world. After the Cold War, from , it intervened and sent peacekeepers on 26 missions. Almost twice as many missions in only 16 years!
The disputes that arose after the Cold War were somewhat different. During the Cold War most conflicts arose between a number of independent countries, but afterwards the majority of conflicts took place within one independent country, usually revolving around ethnic or religious differences

10. New Types of Peacekeeping
In 1992, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali wrote a document detailing the 4 roles of the UN in world conflict:
1) Preventative Diplomacy: UN Diplomats will try to resolve disputes before they become violent
2) Peacekeeping: UN troops will carry out and enforce the terms of an agreement. This may include assisting refugees returning to their homes and the removing of weapons. This is the role that is closest to Lester B. Pearson’s idea of Peacekeeping created in the 1950’s

11. New Type of Peacekeeping (con’t)
3) Peacemaking: UN forces will participate in a conflict without the consent of all parties involved. In cases such as this the UN will have to choose a side and use force to bring about a solution. This step is normally agreed upon when the world agrees that humanitarian aid is necessary
4) Peacebuilding: The UN will help countries re-build after a conflict has ended. This usually involves giving economic aid to a country, or giving assistance to democratic elections within the country after a conflict

12. New UN Peace Missions Persian Gulf War, 1991:
Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, claiming that Kuwait actually belonged to Iraq, historically.
This conflict became an example of Peacemaking. The UN imposed harsh economic penalties on Iraq. When this failed the UN called for military intervention. The United States then led a coalition of countries, and this force fought and defeated the Iraqi army, driving them out of Kuwait
Canada did not officially send army troops to the war, but they did send 3 warships, 800 personnel, and a squadron of CF-18 fighter jets

13. Persian Gulf

14. UN Peace Missions (con’t)
Balkans, :
When Yugoslavia began to break up into independent states after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a number of conflicts erupted between various religious and ethnic minorities, such as Muslims, Serbs and Croatians. Many horrible atrocities against these minorities were committed by the Army of Serbia, which led to a new word being created “ethnic cleansing”, which is the systematic slaughter and execution of ethnic minorities.
This mission began as Peacekeeping but later became Peacemaking. The UN sent peacekeepers at first, but these small groups were ineffective. Later, NATO would send a military force and a ceasefire would eventually be signed. After this, Peacekeepers came back to supervise the ceasefire

15. The Balkans
Canada sent 2400 military personnel and 45 RCMP Officers. Canada also sent CF-18 fighter jets to aid the NATO campaign. Canadians also participated in landmine clearing

16. UN Peace Missions (con’t)
Somalia, :
In 1992, during a civil war, Somalia was hit by a terrible famine and warlords from different groups began stealing food and committing murders
The mission began as Peacekeeping but later became Peacemaking. The first peacekeepers were sent to protect relief workers who were distributing food to the starving population, but the warring sides continued to steal food. After a number of peacekeepers were killed, the remaining peacekeepers were given the authority to use force. By the mission was withdrawn, having been a total failure.

17. Somalia
Canada sent the Canadian Airborne Regiment (CAR), which had been recently re- created. But, due to a tragic scandal involving 3 members of the Regiment torturing and murdering a Somali teenager, Shidane Arone. The Canadian Military at first tried to cover up the murder, but eventually the bad press created by the tragedy caused the CAR to be disbanded.

18. UN Peace Missions (con’t)
Rwanda, :
A conflict between two tribes, the majority Hutus and the minority Tutsis, broke out in Over the next year approximately 500,000 to 800,000 people, mostly all Tutsis, were murdered in a “genocide”, or systematic extermination of a particular group. Most of these murders took place over just 100 days!
This mission was primarily a Peacekeeping mission. A force from the UN was sent to monitor the situation, but this force was too small and too ill-equipped to prevent the massacres that were taking place.

19. Canada, UN and Rwanda
A Canadian General, Romeo Dallaire, was commander of the UN Peacekeeping force. But, after 10 peacekeepers from Belgium were attacked, captured, tortured and murdered, Belgium withdrew the rest of its peacekeepers and left. Dallaire now had only 500 Peacekeepers to patrol the country and try to stop the genocide. They were left powerless and had to stand-by as hundreds of thousands of people were murdered.

20. Rwandan Genocide

21. Problems with Peacekeeping
The UN does find it hard to accomplish these missions. First they must depend on the agreement of members of the UN that intervention in a conflict is needed. There are times when members of the UN cannot come to this agreement. If they DO agree, the UN relies on each country to supply troops, money and equipment for the missions. Some members are not able, or just choose not to send enough equipment or troops

22. Modern Day Problems
In 2011, there were more than 120,000 UN personnel engaged in some form of peace missions around the world. The possibility of a Third World War involving nuclear weapons has eased off since the end of the Cold War. Numerous small wars around the world are of greater concern today, especially since there is a possibility that some of these countries may be creating their own nuclear weapons, or that “non-state actors”; people who are not connected to or controlled by a particular state, may have them as well.

23. Nuclear Weapons States

24. Newer Threat
International terrorism is a growing problem around the world. Terrorists want to spread fear, and they often attack civilians in order to increase that fear. They hope that this fear, and instability, will force the government that they targeted to give in to their demands.
Terrorism occurs all around the world, and although terrorism happened before the Cold War and during the Cold War, the number of attacks has risen since the end of the Cold War.
****For a run-down of some famous terrorist attacks, see Table 11.8 on Page 175 of the text-book.****