1. Types of territoriality
State
Ethnic
Religious
Racial
Fears of
“Balkanization”
(splitting state)
But common
defiance of
outsiders

2. Pan-isms Ethnic: Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish Religious: Pan-Islamic
(Uniting same group from different states)
Ethnic: Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish
Religious: Pan-Islamic
Racial: Pan-African
States: Pan-American

3. Kurds Ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria. Many Kurds
for state of
Kurdistan.
States pit Kurds
against each other

4. Iraq Ethnic: Arabs vs. Kurds Religion: Sunnis vs. Shi’as Rulers are
Sunni Arab

5. Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88 IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs. IRAQ (Sunni Arab)
Iranians
Iran-Iraq War,
IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs.
IRAQ (Sunni Arab)
Yet Iraqi Shi’as fought for Iraq,
Iranian Arabs fought for Iran
(State territoriality won)
Iraqis

6. Armenia-Azerbaijan War, 1988-94 ARMENIA (Christian) vs.
AZERBAIJAN (Shi’a Mulsim)
Yet Shi’a Iran stayed neutral,
fearing ethnic Azeris in NW Iran
(Ethnic territoriality won)
Armenian (above)
and Azeri views

7. Kashmir conflict INDIA (Hindu) vs. PAKISTAN (Muslim)
(CHINA)
INDIA (Hindu) vs.
PAKISTAN (Muslim)
PAKISTAN
CHINA
INDIA
British India partitioned
into two states, 1948.
Kashmir had Muslim
majority but Hindu ruler.
Wars split Kashmir
between India,
Pakistan, and China
(all now have nukes)
Indian and
Pakistani
propaganda
maps

8. Mediterranean Sea
Nile River

9. British Palestine 1918-48 Arab ethnic majority Jewish religious
minority grew in 1940s

10. UN Partition Plan, 1948 Jewish State (Israel) Arab State (Palestine)
International Zone
(Jerusalem)

11. Israeli Jews vs. Palestinians. other Arabs

12. Israeli Settlements and Palestinian towns in the West Bank, 2000
Israeli settlers see as
historic Jewish homeland
Palestinians compare
illegal settlements to
Apartheid

13. Israel Zionism: Jewish (religious) territoriality
Israelis are multiethnic
European, Middle Eastern,
Newer Russian, Ethiopian immigrants
Arab Israeli minority

14. Palestinians Arab (ethnic) territoriality
(in West Bank and Gaza Strip)
Arab (ethnic) territoriality
Palestinians are multireligious
Muslims and Christians
Ethnic nationalist movement,
but some newer Muslim groups

16. Water &
Israel’s
border

17. Palestinian autonomy, 2000 Gradual turnover of Israeli-
Occupied areas to Palestinians
for “Two-State Solution”
Plan collapsing as
killings increase

18. Wall, Barrier or New Border? Israelis: “Security Barrier” to
keep bombers out of Israel.
Palestinians: “ Wall” isolates
villages, cuts water access

19. Jerusalem: Holy City to Jews, Muslims, and Christians

20. Jerusalem
West (Israeli);
East (Arab)
with Israeli settlements

21. Palestinian and Israeli propaganda maps
Israeli map lumping together Arab states;
depicting tiny defenseless Israel
Palestinian map
without Israel

22. Cold War propaganda map: “Red menace”

23. View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War
Lumping failed to recognize
differences among Communists,
or local causes of conflict

25. “Clash of Civilizations” theory
Samuel Huntington theory of Western, Islamic,
Slavic, etc. “blocs” in conflict with each other.

26. “Clash of Civilizations” theory
Fails to recognize
differences within each “bloc.”
Most sources of conflict are local
(often ethnic), not religious.
Often blames the victim
for the conflict.
The West shares responsibility
for conflicts
(military aid arms both sides)

27. Lumping Arabs or Muslims after Sept. 11

28. How Many Americans View the World

29. Cartoon: Bush’s View of the World Problem: some former allies later
seen as “evil”

30. GEOPOLITICS State’s power to control
territory, shape international policy
and other states’ foreign policy

31. Growth of Russian Empire

34. African
colonies

35. Decolonization, 1940s-1990s

36. Divide-and-conquer Ethnic nations split between
Berlin
Conference
divides map
of Africa,
1884
Ethnic nations split between
and within colonial empires
(British, French, Russian)
But “clean” ethnic
boundaries also not possible

37. Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
(Whoever controls Pivot Area can control the world)
The “Great Game” between Britain and Russia, 1800s-1900s

38. Enlargement of
Soviet bloc after
World War II
Berlin
Wall,

39. NATO and Warsaw Pact,

40. Changes in Europe,

41. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2002
Kosovo
military
zones

42. European Union euro Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957.
Stronger in 1994
10 new members
to join, 2004

43. United Nations member states
Switzerland 2002

44. Other international alliances