1. Attachment

2. Updates Homework on the website
Mock exam: 2 week turn around. All feedback: w/c 6th
Psychopathology pack
Homework cards
Thinking ladder
Evaluation acronyms.

3. Specification: where we are
Caregiver-infant interactions in humans: reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
Stages of attachment identified by Schaffer.
Multiple attachments and the role of the father.
Animal studies of attachment: Lorenz and Harlow.
Explanations of attachment: learning theory and Bowlby’s monotropic theory. The concepts of a critical period and an internal working model.
Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’. Types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant.
Cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn.
Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
Romanian orphan studies: effects of institutionalisation.
The influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships, including the role of an internal working model.

4. Cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn.
Todays lesson
Cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn.

5. Checklist for attachment
For the lessons you should be able to-
Define and give examples of reciprocity and interactional synchrony Name and describe the four stages of attachment
Describe Schaffer and Emerson’s research
Summarise the key findings of the research into the role of the father and know the key evaluation points
Describe the animal studies
Explain the learning theory of attachment
Discuss Bowlby’s monotropic theory including the concepts of a critical period and an internal working model.
Describe Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’
Start with a piece of paper. 3 minutes to remember as much as you can
1 minute add anything else in a different colour
30 seconds: add anything else
Write one question to quiz pair, swap, swap again – they have to answer the question

6. Culture

7. Identify the following countries….
germany

8. israel

9. japan

10. Activity
Read each of the following descriptions as a group and decide what type of attachment you think each of these children would show in the strange situation and why

11. Culture and attachment
Culture is the whole way of living your life – your religion, your language, your beliefs
A cross-cultural study is one that compares different cultures
How would you carry out a cross-cultural investigation into attachment styles?
…Rather than one researcher carrying out studies in lots of different countries which would be extremely time-consuming and expensive-what could they do?

12. Meta-analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical technique which combines the findings from a number of studies to look for patterns/trends.
Uses secondary data.

13. Studies into attachment across cultures
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies, all of which used Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.
Before we examine their research, it is useful to make the distinction between individualistic and collectivist cultures.
What’s the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures?

14. Types of culture- copy and complete
Individualistic culture- a culture in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize self-reliance and personal independence. E.g. ______
Collectivist culture- a culture in which the community or social groups needs take precedence over individual needs and in turn the group takes responsibility for the wellbeing of the individual. E.g. ___________

15. Practice…Page 18 Find and highlight the following
1. How many studies were used for the meta-analysis? 2. How many different countries? How many children? 3.Children from eight countries were used in the study. Some of the countries were classified as Western and some non-Western. Highlight western in one colour and non-western in another. 4. What attachment style was most common in all nations? 5. For non-Western countries, what was the dominant insecure attachment style? 6. For Western countries, what was the dominant insecure attachment style? 8. Was greater variation in attachment style found within or between cultures? 8. Does child-rearing vary between cultures, why? 32
8 – 1,990
Western: Sweden, Israel, Japan, Chine / west germany, UK, USA,
Securely attached
Avoidant

16. Looking at the data-find and label the following
Whilst looking at the study:
Which nation had the most studies?
State the largest nation having only 1 study.
Which nation had the highest percentage of secure attachment?
Which country has the highest percentage of insecure-avoidant attachment?
Which two countries had the highest percentage of insecure-resistant attachment?

17. Task 3
Complete the exam style questions on Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg’s (1988) research. Note: Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

18. Question 1
What do these results suggest about attachment types in individualist cultures (Europe and the United States) compared to collectivist cultures (Japan, Israel, China)? (4 marks)
These results suggest that insecure-avoidant attachments are more common in individualistic cultures (e.g. Germany 35% and Netherlands 26% compared to Israel 7% and Japan 5%), whilst insecure-resistant attachments are more common in collectivist cultures (e.g. Israel 29% and Japan 27% compared to Germany 8% and Netherlands 7%).

19. Question 2
Explain one strength of using a meta-analysis to assess cross-cultural differences in attachment. (2 marks)
A strength of a meta-analysis is that the population validity is usually high as the sample size is much greater. This means the results are more likely to be generalisable to a large number of people. Furthermore, any individual differences and anomalies are likely to be reduced and minimised in such a large sample, enhancing the validity of the findings.

20. Question 3
Explain a problem with using secondary data in assessing cross-cultural differences in attachment. (2 marks)
The problem with using secondary data is that the researchers cannot fully control all of the variables in the study and they place a lot of trust in the original researchers’ methodology. There may have been some errors in the studies which have not been recognised in the publication of their research. This will affect the validity of the final meta-analysis conclusions.

21. Question 4
How could research into cultural variations in attachment affect the economy in any of these countries? (4 marks)
Answers to this question are most likely to focus on implications for day care and maternity/paternity pay and leave.
It could be argued that the cultures with lowest levels of secure attachments (China and Germany) may want to invest more money in allowing longer maternity leave and extending maternity pay. This will affect the number of people at work at any one time in the country, affecting productivity. On the other hand, with more securely attached children this may increase productivity in the long term as they are more likely to be happy, healthy and successful in

22. Question 5
Many critics have argued that this study is ethnocentric. Explain what is meant by this criticism. (4 marks) This study uses a Western method of measuring attachment types, designed by an American researcher and first tested on American middle-class children. It may be that this method lacks cultural relativism and so should not be used in cultures where the same values in caregiving are not as important. For instance, in Germany independence is valued more highly and so this could explain why the children were less anxious in the separation stage. Furthermore, the method does not account for differences in child-rearing practices. For instance, in Japan mothers typically carry their children with them a lot of the time. The study does not account for this, and the separation stage would be a situation which the infants will be very unfamiliar with.

23. Check your understanding of bar charts:
Pick three countries. Sketch a bar chart to graphically display the three styles of attachment in those countries. Remember to label the axes and state a title.

24. Cultural variations Evaluation
In pairs on MWB answer the following questions.

25. Why may this be? Why does this matter?
Simonella (2014) conducted the strange situation in Italy very recently to see if the attachment levels were similar to those recorded in past studies. 76, 12 month olds were used and they found much lower rates of secure attachment than in previous studies 50% secure (66% in original study) 36% insecure-avoidant (22% in original study).
Why may this be? Why does this matter?

26. Oumar (2001) studied the Dogon people of Mali using the strange situation and compared the findings to North American parents. They found no avoidant attachments compared to 23% in North American and 67% secure compared to 55% in North America.
Why may this be? Why does this matter?

27. When the strange situation was carried out in Japan it tended not to work as infants showed such high levels of distress on separation it had to be finished early or mothers raced in to grab their infants.
Why may this be? Why does it matter?

28. Plenary
Write 3 questions and the corresponding answers on everything we have learnt on attachment to date
Stand up
Find a new pair
Test each other on your questions:- did you get all three correct?