1. Passive Voice
ESOL Grammar 4

2. Passive Sentences
All of the verb tenses & forms we have learned about so far have been ACTIVE. That is, they focus on who or what PERFORMS the action.
Passive sentences focus on the RECEIVER or the RESULT of an action.
We use passive sentences A LOT in academic writing.

6. Passive Voice The TV was stolen. Who did it?
How do we form a passive voice sentence?
The TV was stolen.
Subject + be verb + verb (past participle)

7. be + Verb(pp) Passive Voice The TV was stolen by Roberto. Roberto!
What if you know who did it!
The TV was stolen by Roberto.
Subj. + be verb + verb (p.p.) + by + (agent)
Important >>
be + Verb(pp)

8. Practice (homework)
Complete Exercise 2 – p. 212

9. Tense Forms of the Passive
We can change active sentences in every verb tense into passive sentences:
Simple present & past
Present & past progressive
Future – will & be going to
Present, past, and future perfect
The progressive forms of the perfect tenses are rarely used in the passive.

10. Simple Present/Past & Past Passive
Be + Past Participle
The boy is helped by Mary.
The boy was helped by Mary.
The National Anthem is sung at ball games.
The National Anthem was sung at the ball game.

11. Present and Past Progressive
Be + Being + Past Participle
The boy is being helped by Mary.
The boy was being helped by Mary.
The National Anthem is being sung.
The National Anthem was being sung.

12. Future Passive – Will & Be Going To
Will/Be Going To + be + past participle The boy will be helped by Mary. The boy is going to be helped by Mary. The National Anthem will be sung. The National Anthem is going to be sung.

13. Present & Past Perfect Passive
Has/Had + Been + Past Participle
The boy has been helped by Mary. (Pres.Perf.)
The boy had been helped by Mary.(Past Perf.)
The National Anthem has been sung.
The National Anthem had been sung.

14. Future Perfect Passive
Will + Have + Been + Past Participle The boy will have been helped by Mary. The National Anthem will have been sung.

15. be + Verb(pp) Passive Voice
Important >> If you need to change tenses, change the “be” part, but not the “pp” part.
be + Verb(pp)

17. Let’s review Passive Voice Various Tenses/Forms
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Simple Present
He washes the car.
The car is washed by him.
Present Progressive
He is washing the car.
Present Perfect
He has washed the car.
Simple Past
He washed the car.
Past Progressive
He was washing the car.
Past Perfect
He had washed the car.
Future (with Will)
He will wash the car.
Future (with be going to)
He is going to wash the car tomorrow.
Future Perfect
He will have washed the car by 5 pm tomorrow.

18. Passive Voice: Various Tenses/Forms
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Simple Present
He washes the car.
The car is washed by him.
Present Progressive
He is washing the car.
The car is being washed by him.
Present Perfect
He has washed the car.
The car has been washed by him.
Simple Past
He washed the car.
The car was washed by him.
Past Progressive
He was washing the car.
The car was being washed by him.
Past Perfect
He had washed the car.
The car had been washed by him.
Future (with Will)
He will wash the car.
The car will be washed by him.
Future (with be going to)
He is going to wash the car tomorrow.
The car is going to be washed by him.
Future Perfect
He will have washed the car by 5 pm tomorrow.
The car will have been washed by him.

19. Let’s Practice P. 212 Exercise 3 (1- 9) Is opened Is being opened
Has been opened
Was opened
Was being opened
Had been opened
Will be opened (*)
Is going to be opened
Will have been opened(*)

20. Passive Voice: Making Questions
The sofa was slashed (by Roberto). Y/N question: Was the sofa slashed by Roberto? Wh- question: Why was the sofa slashed by Robero?

21. Using Passive Voice
Because the passive voice sounds impersonal, it is mostly used in situations involving
Rules
Instructions
Announcements
Advertisements
Processes
>Passengers are required to show their passports.
>The result of the negotiation over government shutdown was announced Friday night.

22. Passive Voice with Various Tenses
Exercise 3 p212 (10-12)
Was the door opened…
Will the door be opened…
Has the door been opened…
Exercise 4 p213
Exercise 5 p213 (homework)

23. Passive Voice without “by + agent”

24. Passive Voice without “by”
I don’t know who did it
The lamp was smashed.
It’s understood.
The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago.
I don’t want to mention the agent.
Some very basic grammar errors were made in the test.
With “by” - focus on the receiver or result
The thief was caught by the detective.

25. Passive Voice without “by + agent”
Practice (Play a game)
Exercise 12 p216

26. Let’s Practice
Exercises 14 p. 218

27. Please check Exercise 9 P.215 (homework)
A package was delivered to our apartment yesterday.
Maria taught her son to read when he was three.
When I was in elementary school, we were required to wear uniforms.
As we watched, the airplane disappeared into the clouds.
I agreed with your decision yesterday.
Timmy dropped a plate after dinner last night.
The plate fell to the floor with a crash.
What happened yesterday?
My cat was hit by by speeding truck.
She was killed instantly.
She died instantly.

28. Please check P. 216 and 219 (homework)
Exercise 11
Were killed by tornadoes.
Is going to/will be announced
Are consumed
Have been recalled
Is going to/will be delayed
Exercise 16
Is produced
Is being treated
Are controlled…are determined
Was informed…was told
Is exposed…affects
Have been destroyed
Was recognized…was asked…took
Knew…multiplied…came

29. Passive Voice of Modals and Modal Phrases
Refreshing memory: What are modals?
What’s so special about modals?
What happens when modals are added in the passive voice?

30. Passive Voice of Modals and Modal Phrases
Elephants are not protected, but people should do something to protect them. >> Elephants … Elephants should be protected.

31. Elephants should be protected.
Obligation
Necessity
Regret or mistakes
Expectations

32. Elephants should be protected.
Sample Sentences
Obligation
Elephants must be protected.
Necessity
Elephants have to be protected.
Regret/ mistakes
Elephants should have been protected.
Expectations
Elephants are supposed to be protected.

33. Practice
Exercises 18, 19, p

34. Let’s Check Page 223-224 (HMW)
Exercise 21 (sample answers)
Must be married
Must/have to be written
Must have been left
Should/ought to/must be encouraged
Cannot be explained
May/might/could/will be misunderstood
Must have been embarrassed
Should/ought to have been built
Must/should be saved

35. Guessing
Almost certain 99 %
Guessing 50%

36. Degree of Certainty 100% Almost certain must have to have got to
Not very certain
Degree of Certainty
must
have to
have got to
can’t + v.
must have
couldn’t have
should
ought to
may
might
could
may have
might have
could have

37. When was the house burglarized?
100% (You know it’s 3:30 am – no guessing)
99% (You almost sure)
50% (You’re guessing)
*Tip – this happened in the past, so use the “guessing about the past” modal expressions

38. When was the house burglarized?
100%
The house was burglarized at 3:30 pm.
99%
The house must have been burglarized between 2 and 4 am.
50%
The house may have been burglarized early this morning.

39. The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago.
Regret/mistakes in the past
(It was a mistake to build the Great Wall…)
Guessing (99% certainty)
(Who built it?)
Guessing (50% certainty)
Warning (serious/urgent advice)
(It needs to be maintained…)

40. The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago.
Sample Sentence
Regret/ Mistakes
The Great Wall shouldn’t have been built in the first place.
Guessing (99% Certainty)
The Great Wall must have been built with a lot of man power over the years.
Guessing (50% Certainty)
The Great Wall may have been built by aliens.
Warning (serious advice)
The Great Wall had better be maintained regularly or it will disappear in 100 years.

41. Necessity, Expectation, Future in the past passive sentences
Original Sentence
Added Meaning
The students were not told that the trip had been cancelled.
Necessity >>
The house was not painted the next day.
Expectations >>
(He promised to repair the computers yesterday but he didn’t do it.)
Future (be going to) >>

42. Non-Progressive Passive
The door was locked.
I am interested in Indian art.
Anne is married to Alex.
I am done with my homework.
No action is taking place.
No “by + “ phrase
The past participle functions as an adjective.

43. The non-progressive passive
Examples:
I locked the door five minutes ago.
NOW:
The door is locked.
Ann broke the window yesterday.
The window is broken.

44. Non-Progressive Passive
Exercise 26 p227
Is made
Is shut
Are turned
Is not crowded
Is finished
Is closed
Was closed
Is set…are done…are lit
Is gone
Is torn

45. Page 228 (homework) Exercise 27 Am lost Is…crowded Is scheduled
Am exhausted
Am confused
Is stuck
Are turned off
Are divorced
Are …qualified
Am married
Is spoiled
Is blocked
Is located
Was born
Is…plugged in

46. Non-Progressive Passive
Common non-progressive passive verbs + prepositions
He is known for his sculptures.
See Chart 11-6 on p229.

47. Let’s Practice P.229-230 Exercise 29 About For In with Of To In/with
Exercise 31 (HMW) To
With Of
A: to; B:of/by
A: with; B: in; A: to

48. Homework P.231-233 Exercise 34 Acquainted with Filled with
Is covered with
Is finished with
Is addicted to
Am satisfied with
Is engaged to
Is divorced from
Are…related to
Is dedicated to
Is dressed in
Is committed to
prepared for
Done with
Exercise 34
Acquainted with
Filled with
Protected from
Connected to
Addicted to
Dressed in
Exposed to
Gone from
Qualified for
Located in

49. Passive with Get I’m getting hungry. Let’s eat soon.
GET may be followed by certain adjectives (see list on p. 233).
GET gives the idea of change – the idea of becoming, beginning to be, or growing to be.
I’m getting hungry.
I wasn’t hungry before, but now I’m beginning to be hungry.
I stopped working because I got sleepy.

50. The Passive With Get GET may also be followed by a past participle.
The past participle functions as an adjective (it describes the subject)
The passive with GET is common in spoken English, but not in formal writing.
I stopped working because I got tired.
They are getting married next month.
The athlete got hurt by the ball.
The students are getting prepared for their test.
The girl got done with her chores.
* See p. 233 for a list of common past participles used with GET

51. “Get”: Why do we use it instead of “be”?
The vase got broken when I bumped into the table. (accidentally)
She got awarded a big prize. (unexpectedly)
I got blamed for losing the money. (unfairly)
*******
We use “get” to emphasize action or change.
It suggests that something happens accidentally, unexpectedly, or unfairly.

52. “Get” with relationship words
They got engaged last year.
They got married in April.
They got divorced 2 months later.

53. “Get” + P.P.: Practice
A: When do you get irritated? B: When I get held up in traffic. What about you? A: That doesn’t bother me, but I get irritated when I have to wait in line for a long time.

54. Let’s Practice P. 234 Exercise 37
Am getting hungry
Got wet
Get nervous
Is getting dark
Is getting better
Get well
Get accustomed
Get done
Got depressed
Did…get invited
Get paid
Got hired
Got fired
Got engaged…
got married…
got divorced…
got remarried

55. Present and Past Participle as Adjectives
Based Verb
Present Participle
Past Participle
Tire
Tiring
Tired
Relax
Excite
Shock
Amaze
Bore
Confuse

56. Present and Past Participle as Adjectives
Based Verb
Present Participle (adjective: active )
Past Participle (adjective: passive)
Tire
Tiring
Tired
Relax
Relaxing
Relaxed
Excite
Exciting
Excited
Shock
Shocking
Shocked
Amaze
Amazing
Amazed
Bore
Boring
Bored
Confuse
Confusing
Confused

57. Present and Past Participle as Adjectives
Based Verb
Present Participle
Past Participle
Depress
Embarrass
Exhaust
Frighten
Interest
Surprise
Amuse

58. Present and Past Participle as Adjectives
Based Verb
Present Participle
Past Participle
Depress
Depressing
Depressed
Embarrass
Embarrassing
Embarrassed
Exhaust
Exhausting
Exhausted
Frighten
Frightening
Frightened
Interest
Interesting
Interested
Surprise
Surprising
Surprised
Amuse
Amusing
Amused

59. Present and Past Participle as Adjectives
I was bored yesterday because the teacher was boring.
She was confused because the test questions were confusing.
They were frightened by the frightening scream from the dark.

60. Present and Past Participle as Adjectives
“-ed” adjective
The noun (or subject) experiences a feeling.
They were relaxed after hearing the soft music.
“-ing” adjective
The noun (or subject) causes a feeling.
The soft music was very relaxing to them.

61. Review
It was a (shock /shocked/shocking) story: An alien just landed in Cypress, Texas!
Listening to his long speech is very (exhaust/exhausted/ exhausting). I would rather not go to the meeting.
I had been so (bore/bored / boring) that I started sending s to everyone on my contact list – all 365 of them!
The vacation was really good. We felt (relax/ relaxed/relaxing) afterwards.

62. Homework
Exercise 41, 45,50 (homework) Study for Unit 11 Quiz

63. Homework P. 236, 238 Exercise 41 boring bored exciting excited
surprising
surprised
frightened
frightening
exhausting
exhausted
Exercise 45
locked
embarrassing
injured
challenging
expected
printed
experienced
grown; balanced
spoiled
sleeping

64. Homework P. 241 Exercise 50 interested hurt; taken boring were helped
announced
was the automobile
don’t agree
worried
happening
been
confused
were very afraid; ran to our houses…; scared; see
his axe fell; began; did