1. WHAT IS REPORTED SPEECH?

2. Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible.
EG: He said that he was going to come. (The person's exact words were "I'm going to come.")
SOURCE :

3. When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
place and time expressions
tenses

4. Reported Questions How can you change questions to reported statement?
Example : "Where do you live?"

5. Once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So, change the grammar into a normal positive sentence.
Direct speech: "Where do you live?"
Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

6. EXERCISE Change the following sentences from direct to reported speech.
1. "When was the last time you saw her?" Alice asked … 2. "Has Malaysia sent any films to the ` International Film Festival this year?“ The film reviewer asked …

7. 3. "Did you enjoy her birthday party last night?"
My friend wanted to know …
4. "Have you ever dyed your hair?'
Omar asked …
5." Roses are my favourite flowers."
Nicole said …

8. 6. "Summer in England is very hot."
The weather man said …
7. " Are you going to visit her in hospital?"
My mother asked …
8. "I have a collection of masks hanging on the wall."
Sam told her friend …

9. 10. "May I please be excused?"
The pupil politely asked the teacher …

10. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

11. In active voice sentences the subject does the action.
Example: Liz played the piano.
In passive voice sentences the subject receives the action.
Example: The piano was played by Liz.

14. The sentence that uses the active voice is stronger, uses fewer words, and clearly shows who performs the action.
The sentence that uses the passive voice is weaker and less direct. It is, however, not incorrect to use the passive voice.
Sometimes the doer of the action is omitted in passive voice sentences.
Example: The piano was played.

15. Exercise – Decide whether the sentences below are active or passive
I have learned my lesson.
The cat caught a mouse.
The book was written by him.
Everyone laughed at her.
Dinner will be served in ten minutes. Someone has tampered with this lock.
He directed a movie.
She was elected class president.
He gave her a watch.
She is being helped by her brother.

16. Exercise - Make the following active sentences passive.
I made this omelette with onions and cheese.
They wash the car with soapy water.
Somebody stole my wallet.
The family went to the beach that Sunday.
My sister told me the joke.

17. AUDIENCE & PURPOSE

18. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN TERMS OF YOUR AUDIENCE WHEN WRITING A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT?

19. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AUDIENCE?

20. EXPERT
MANAGERS
TECHNICIANS
LAYPEOPLE

21. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
Before you begin any writing task, you need to ask three basic questions:
Who is my audience?
What do they want/need from this document?
What do I want them to get from this document?
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22. ANALYSING PURPOSE
Purpose describes a document's function but not its type.
The purpose of a document is its practical function in a particular situation.
Purposes are concrete and particular to the specific document at hand.

23. EXAMPLES:
The purpose of a set of Pensonic grill instructions is to tell the reader how to put this model of grill together. 

24. QUICK TIP:
The more you understand about a document's purpose, the more effectively you can make decisions about content, organisation, layout, and language/tone.

25. EXERCISE- What is the reader's primary question in the following situations:
1. A corporate vice president reads proposals for a request for bids on a new security system. A. Do any of my relatives work for these vendors? B. Which is the most cost-effective system for meeting the company's security needs? C. Can I read this in its entirely on the flight from Miami to Las Vegas?

26. 2. The safety foreman reviews the operating instructions for a new piece of equipment A. How many operators will it take to change the light bulb on this thing? B. How much did we pay for this? C. What safety hazards does the equipment pose?

27. 3. A local resident reads the summary of local road construction projects in the newspaper.
A.  Will my taxes go up when they finish this project?
B. Is there any construction on my drive to work?
C. If I buy my daughter's Christmas present early and bury it at the construction site, will I still be able to dig up next December?

28. HOW AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE AFFECT TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
CONTENT
ORGANISATION
LAYOUT
LANGUAGE
&
TONE

29. CHECKLIST YOUR GOALS YOUR READER’S BACKGROUND YOUR READER’S GOALS
CIRCUMSTANCES

30. INFORMATIONAL REPORT & ANALYTICAL REPORT

31. Informational reports offer data, facts, feedback, and other types of information, without analysis or recommendations.
Analytical reports offer both information and analysis, and they can also include recommendations

32. An informational report:
Uses facts to explain something
Gives details about a topic
Does not contain personal views
Is usually written, but can also be presented orally (spoken).

33. WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURE/S OF INFORMATIONAL REPORT?
WHAT NEEDED TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE WRITING AN INFORMATIONAL REPORT?

34. STRUCTURE OF INFORMATIONAL REPORT
Title
Subject
Opening statement
Date
Data
Purpose
Definition
Summary
Conclusion
Classification
Signature
Appendices

35. CHECKLIST BEFORE WRITING AN INFORMATIONAL REPORT
Establish the purpose
Investigating related information
Obtaining new evidence
Making conclusion
Audience/reader
Make sure the information is correct

36. Assignment 1 : EVENT REPORT (INFORMATIONAL REPORT)
1. Report an event that you have participated in or observed recently.
• Take pictures of all the main parts of the event.
• Get reaction quotes or feelings from people in the crowd during or after the event when possible.
• Provide details of the location, time, date, number of people attending, theme etc.

37. THIS TASK IS INDIVIDUAL.
2. Write an event report in at least 600 words long, highlighting all the most exciting and meaningful elements of the event so that anyone can get a general overview of the scope and schedule of the day.
THIS TASK IS INDIVIDUAL.
FULL MARKS = 10%
GOOD LUCK!

38. Format:
Introduction – Information about the event (Date, time, venue etc.)
Body – Progression of event/ participants’ review
Conclusion – what can be concluded from your observation
Appendix (pictures etc.)