1. AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #504 Politics and Empire Building of Late 19th Century

2. General Trends in Government
The “masses” shifted their loyalties to a nation-state government by the 1870s
Why?
What had transpired?
Political parties more closely aligned with electorate
The masses gained right to vote by century end – felt like they were a part of something special
Laws became more responsive to masses
Politicians used nationalism to gain popular support
Nationalism became extreme and competitive

3. New German Empire
An analysis of Otto von Bismarck, the man who dominated European politics for two decades…

4. WHAT IS HE TALKING ABOUT?

5. “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.”
PROVIDE EVIDENCE
Otto von Bismarck

6. “Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made.”
WHY IS THAT?
Otto von Bismarck

7. Politics of the new German Empire
Co-joined 25 German states into one empire
Strong national movement
What were Bismarck's policies?
What was this man like?
Would he dominate politics today, as he did back in the late 19th century? Why?
Control internal politics
That meant to prevent a socialist majority
Avoid foreign conflict

8. “Politics are not a science based on logic; they are the capacity of always choosing at each instant, in constantly changing situations, the least harmful, the most useful.”
WHAT IS HE DESCRIBING?
Otto von Bismarck

9. “People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war, or before an election.”
IS THIS WHAT ALL POLITICIANS DO?
Otto von Bismarck

10. “One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.”
OF WHAT IS THIS A PREMONITION?
Otto von Bismarck

11. WHAT IS HE SUGGESTING ABOUT IMPERIALISM?

12. Kulturkampf
WHAT IS HAPPENING HERE?

13. Kulturkampf Bismarck’s attempt to diminish the power of the Church
Most of Germany was Catholic
A Catholic Germany… why might a guy like Bismarck take issue with this?
This was a failure –
Bismarck backed off by 1878

14. Realpolitik Bismarck was a master diplomat
Definition: a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
How did Kulturkampf turn out to be realpolitik?
Bismarck’s realpolitik: raised tariff on cheap grain from USA – got him support of Catholics (mostly poor farmers) = PROTECTIONISM
Why will this cause issues all over Europe?
Caused issues when other nations followed – leading to increased international antagonism.

15. German Social Democrats
His only real challenge to his power in the Reichstag (lower house) “socialists”
Bismarck blamed the several attacks to William I on socialists
Allowed him to strictly control their meetings
Eventual banning of party
In mean time: applied realpolitik to relationship with socialist supporters – How would he do this?
Gave in to workers’ demands
Old age pensions
Retirement benefits
Paid for by all workers – first income tax EVER
Caused socialists to become impotent

16. William II Grandson to William I Ascended to throne in 1888
Young, instable, idealistic
extreme nationalist – Will this be an issue?
Opposed Bismarck’s power
Craved to be loved by workers and the British
Forced Bismarck resign – why will this matter?
The new post-Bismarck Germany would evolve to young Kaiser William’s vision
“our place in the sun”
Militaristic and imperialistic

17. New French Republic

18. The New France of 1871 Empire destroyed by Prussians (1871)
Paris Commune refused to surrender – French government turned cannon on own citizenry
Franco-Prussian War – why will this matter?
French attempted a new monarchy
National Assembly could find no takers in the Bourbon and Orleans families
After five years – declared themselves the THIRD REPUBLIC
Became increasingly socialist

19. Dreyfus Affair France had become more secular
And Catholics and secularists were uniting
Everything seemed fine… and then…
CAPT Dryfus was accused of selling secrets to the Germans during the post- Franco-Prussian War era
Why will just the thought of this capture national attention?
People took sides,
splitting the nation
He was found guilty,
sentenced to life in prison, at Devil’s Island

20. Dreyfus Affair He was to be shamed by the army
Emile Zola supported him; got him exonerated
click

21. British Government

22. British monarchs of 19th century
George III ( ) – American Revolution
George IV ( ) – first son to George III accused his father of insanity, so he could rule.
Charming, but selfish, unreliable, irresponsible
Secretly (illegally) married his catholic, commoner GF
King forced him into unhappy marriage to cousin
William IV ( ) – third son to George III
Ended slavery, the Poor Law, Reform Bill of 1832
Had 10 illigitimate kids with actress GF – no legitimate
Power passed to daughter of 4th son of George III
Victoria I ( )- only legitimate grandchild of George III – 63 years monarch

23. Queen Victoria and Victorian Engl.
She saved the monarchy
Why would I say that?
Represented loyalty, thrift hard work
Married her love and cousin, Albert of the house of Saxe-Coburg Gotha
Nine children – married them into various royal houses in Europe
That meant that many monarch just prior to WWI were closely related

24. House of Commons House of Lords fully subordinate to Commons
Whigs vs. Tories
Second Reform Bill of 1867
Conservative Legislation – Benjamin Disraeli
Full suffrage to middle class and Labor Aristocracy
Purpose: increase anti-whig voters
Third Reform Bill of 1884
Full male suffrage

25. The People’s Budget
Liberals took Commons with Prime Minster David Lloyd George
New political party
With new suffrage, who will they represent?
Increased spending on socialist agenda
Raised taxes on the wealthy
National health insurance, unemployment benefits, old age pensions

26. Home Rule in Ireland British slowly granting more freedoms to Irish
Rights to Catholic peasants
WWI stopped all developments
Irish agitated, esp. the non-agrig. Northern section of Ulster
N. Irish raised an army of 100,000 militants
Supported by British populace
Irish raise there own army – the IRA

27. Marxism and Socialist Movement
Socialism became a powerful political party by close of 1871
Marx claimed that workers had no nation
Needed to unite across borders
Founded FIRST INTERNATIONAL
Union of workers
He passionately supported the Paris Commune
Meeting collapsed
Second International
Second International ( )
Met every three years to discuss socialism
Created “May Day” to celebrate the worker

28. Assessment of later 19th century

29. Assessment of Decade Changes in Britain Changes in France
Changes in Germany
Changes in Russia

31. Great Migration
(we’ll do this later…)