1. Feb
BR: What is nationalism?

2. ISMS
Conservativism- a political ideology that does not favor change. Preferred old system of monarchies and aristocracy.
Liberalism- a political ideology that prefers change, power to the people. Laissez Faire economics and representative democracies.

3. Warning!
In 2016 America, the terms liberals and conservatives have changed.
Libs- favor more of a government takeover to ensure equality.
Cons- favor more of a hands off approach to ensure everyone has equal opportunity.

4. Types of Nationalist Movements
UNIFICATION
Mergers of politically divided by culturally similar lands
Examples
19th century Italy
19th century Germany

5. Nationalism Shakes Old Empires
Three aging empires began to crumble…
The Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs
The Russian Empire of the Romanovs
The Ottoman Empire
the Russian Empire’s leaders decided to use a policy called russification, which forced Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire
this actually helped strengthen nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia

6. Cavour Unites Italy
Nationalism did not only destroy empires, it helped build nations
Italy formed from crumbling empires
– fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers

7. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states
Kingdom adopted a liberal constitution in 1848
Unification sounded like a good plan to the liberal middle-class.

8. Garibaldi Brings Unity
While Cavour was uniting northern Italy, he secretly helped nationalist rebels in the south
May 1860 – a small army of Italian nationalists captured Sicily
Army known as the Red Shirts
Leader – Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his followers, always wore a bright red shirt in battle

9. Germany Before Germany
Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s
1815 – 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation
The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation
However, Prussia was ready to unify all the German States

10. German Confederation

11. Prussia Leads German Unification
Prussia had several advantages:
Prussia had a large German population
Unlike the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Nationalism unified Prussia and tore Austria-Hungary apart.
Prussia’s army was the most powerful in central Europe
Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification

12. Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister of Prussia
Did not believe in fluffy politics and speeches
Thought power was gained by military strength

13. Realpolitik Bismarck became a master at realpolitik
Means “the politics of unity”
Used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism
“It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided but by blood and iron.”

14. Dealing with Parliament
Bismarck declared that he would rule without:
Consent of parliament
Legal budget
These actions were in direct violation of the constitution

15. The Franco-Prussian War
1867 – a few southern German states remained independent
Southern Germans – Catholic
Prussia – Protestant
South resisted domination by Prussia
Bismarck felt that the southerners would give in if they felt an outside threat
Bismarck felt that a war with France would suffice

16. Franco-Prussian War (cont.)
Bismarck manufactured “incidents”
Created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king
France reacted by declaring war in 1870
Prussia entered France and captured 83,000 people including Napoleon III
Parisians finally gave in due to hunger
Final stage of German unification

17. After the War Southern Germans finally had nationalistic feelings
Accepted Prussian leadership
1871 – Captured the Palace of Versailles and created the country of Germany there
King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser or emperor
Called empire 2nd Reich
Holy Roman Empire was the first

18. Unification laid the seeds for..