1. German & Italian Unification

2. Nationalism Most influential idea of 19th century
French revolutionaries changed definition of people:
Previously considered subjects of a sovereign
Changed to citizens of a nation
Concept identified with territory, state that ruled it & culture of its people

3. Nationalism Language is crucial element in creating national unity
United people of a nation
Means of persuasion for political leaders
Tool of new generation of political activists (lawyers, teachers, students, journalists)
Language & citizenship rarely coincide

4. Nationalism France & French language German & Italian speakers
Closer than in most countries
German & Italian speakers
Divided among many nations
Austrian empire: German, Slovak, Czech, Hungarian, Polish & others
Divided by religion

5. Nationalism
Idea of redrawing boundaries to accommodate linguistic, religious & cultural differences is revolutionary
Italy & Germany
Creation of new states
Threatens to break up empires

6. Nationalism Associated with liberalism
Revolutionary middle class ideology
Developed during French Revolution
Sovereignty of the people
Demanded constitutional government & national parliament
Freedom of expression

7. Nationalism Russia, Prussia & Austria Properly managed facilities
Censor ideas but cannot quash them
Staffing bureaucracies & police forces to maintain order requires educated personnel
Education = universities
Universities = new ideas
Properly managed facilities
Creates sense of national unity

8. Italian Unification 1860-1870 Prince Metternich:
Describes Italy as a “geographical expression”
By midcentury support for unification grows
Opposition:
Pope Pius IX opposes anything modern
Austria controls two provinces

9. Italian Unification 1860-1870 Camillo di Cavour (Prime Minister)
Northern Italy
Sees rivalry between Austria & France as an opportunity to unite Italy
Makes alliance with France, instigates war with Austria
Followed by uprisings that resulted in Northern unification
Conservative, top down approach

10. Italian Unification 1860-1870 Giuseppe Garibaldi Approached by Cavour
Revolutionary leader & his followers (red shirts)
Landed in Sicily & overthrew existing governments
Approached by Cavour
Create one, unified Italy
Add Venetia & Papal States
Shift from radical nationalism  conservative method of building support

11. German Unification
German is most widely spoken language in Europe
Implication of the unification of German speaking people is monumental
Conflict about unification:
Some want to unite under Austria
Others want to exclude Austria (non-Germanic people)
Religious division (Catholic vs. Lutheran)

12. German Unification 1866-1871 Prussian advantages:
Newly developed industry in the Rhineland
First Europeans to make use of railroads, telegraphs, breech loading rifles, steel artillery & products of modern industry

13. German Unification 1866-1871 Otto von Bismarck
Rules Prussia under Wilhelm I
Determined to use Prussian industry and German nationalism to make his state dominant
1866 Prussia attacks Austria
Takes no land
Forms North German Confederation

14. German Unification 1866-1871 1870 “BLOOD AND IRON”
Begins war with France
Joined by troops from Northern & Southern Germany
Superior firepower & tactics to win quickly
“BLOOD AND IRON”

15. German Unification 1866-1871 Alsace and Lorraine
French territory surrendered to Germany
Source of division:
German due to common language
French due to history & self identification
Keeps France & Germany conflicted for decades