1. The Age of Nation States:
EQ: What is a Nation State and how did they come to dominate Europe in the latter half of the 19th century and beyond?

3. The Crimean War (1853–1856)
War erupts between Russia and Ottoman Empire when Russia attempts to extend its influence into Ottoman territory
France and Britain join the Ottomans; to Russia’s surprise and displeasure, the Austrians and Prussians remain neutral

4. Results of War: Russia gives up land around Danube River and Black Sea
Russia renounces its claims to protect Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Empire
Image of invincible Russia crushed
Concert of Europe dissolved

5. The Ottomans’ Reforms Make Empire More “European”
Tanzimat – reorganization of the empire
-Liberalized economy
-Ended tax farming
-Freedom of religion
In some regions of the empire, local rulers made reforms hard to enforce
Reforms an attempt to modernize and secularize the empire

6. The Ottomans’ Reforms Make Empire More “European”
Hatti-i-Humayun – spelled out rights of non-Muslims
-Equal opportunities in the military, state employment, and admission to state schools
-Abolished torture
-Granted property rights

7. Italian Unification and the Republicans:
Carbonari – ineffective romantic republican society in Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian nationalists who led guerilla warfare in the 1850s
Italian moderates frightened by these uprisings

8. Count Camillo Cavour:
Minister of Piedmont transformed Italy into a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy, rather than a republic
Became prime minister under Victor Emmanuel I; advocated:
-Free trade
-Railway expansion
-Agricultural improvements
Wanted to defeat Austria, with France’s help, to unite Italy

9. Movement Toward Unification:
French sympathies – Cavour and Napoleon III plot to provoke a war in Italy that would lead to the defeat of Austria
War with Austria – the Italians of Piedmont defeat the Austrians, driving the Austrians from Northern Italy, but France betrays Cavour and leaves Lombardy under Austrian control
Garibaldi’s campaign – his nationalism overtakes his republicanism and he unites Southern Italy with the Piedmont area under Cavour.

10. The New Italian State: Victor Emanuel I is named King of Italy (1861)
Tensions high between industrialized Piedmont in the north and rural, poor southern Italy
Conservative constitutional monarchy put into place, but Parliament is filled with corruption
Venetia in 1866 and Rome (minus Vatican City) in become part of Italy

12. German Unification:
Created by a conservative army, the monarchy, and the prime minister of Prussia, Frederick William IV
Frederick wanted to end the stalemate between him and the liberal Parliament

13. Otto von Bismarck: Chancellor of Prussia
Would be more responsible for reshaping European history than anybody else for the next 30 years (1860s–1890s)
The idea of German unification helped Frederick outflank the liberals of the Prussian Parliament
Led Prussia into three wars, then spent nineteen years fighting for peace

14. Bismarck’s Wars and Government:
The Danish War (1864) – Prussia together with Austria easily defeats Denmark to take over northern states of Schleswig (Prussia) and Holstein (Austria)
The Austro-Prussian War (1866) – Austria defeated – Italy gets Venetia and Austrian Hapsburgs excluded from German affairs

15. Bismarck’s Wars and Government:
Diplomacy
-Gained Russian sympathy by supporting the suppression of Poland
-Persuaded Napoleon III to stay neutral in Austrian- Prussian conflicts
-Promised Venetia to Italy if they supported Prussia

16. Bismarck’s Wars and Government:
The North German Confederation – Prussia now a federation with two houses
-Bundesrat – federal council composed of members appointed by governments of the states
-Reichtag – chosen by universal male suffrage; had very little power
-Nationalism overtakes the concerns of liberalism and Germany, in effect, becomes a military monarchy

17. The Franco-Prussian War :
France declares war on Prussia when Bismarck makes it appear that William I of Prussia insulted France
-Prussia crushes France and captures Napoleon III
-William becomes emperor of united Germany
-German unification a blow to liberalism, France, and the Hapsburg empire