1. 3 Using Verbs
Present Perfect (have or has + past participle) is used when something happened at an indefinite time in the past
ex. “My sister has been a Girl Scout for two years.”
“Have you read any stories by Sandra Cisneros?”

2. 3 Using Verbs
Past Perfect (had+ past participle) is used when something happened in the past before another action occurred
ex. “Emily returned the tax notice that she had received.”
“If he had taken more time, he would have gotten an A.”

3. 3 Using Verbs
Future Perfect (will have + past participle) is used when something will happen in the future before another action occurs in the future.
ex. “By the time John gets home, the game will have started.”

4. 4 Using Pronouns
Nominative Case (I, You, he, she, it, we, you, they, who): use when the pronoun is the subject of a verb (even if it comes after the verb or replaces the subject)
ex. “The only students who auditioned were he and Carlos.”
“This is she.”

5. 4 Using Pronouns
Objective Case (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them, whom): Use when the pronoun is the direct object, indirect object, or the object of a preposition
ex. “Who is that beside her?”
“Virgil helped him.”

6. Finding Direct and Indirect Objects:
Direct objects describe who or what receives the action (subject + verb + who? or what?)
Example 1: Dennis and Susan ate omelets for breakfast.
Example 2: Sophia hates when her father lectures her about her grades.
Indirect objects identify who is receiving the direct object (subject + verb + direct object + to what or whom?)
Example 1: Samuel sent his aunt a postcard from Martha’s Vineyard.
Example 2: Marc paints the house for his family.
Example 3: Alexa gave me her algebra notes.

7. 4 Using Pronouns
Possessive Case (my, mine, your, his, hers, its, ours, their): Use the possessive case before a gerund
Ex. “I was impressed by her being in the top ten.”
“She was happy about his shaving his beard.”

8. Ex. I see myself playing marimbas
4 Using Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns (myself, himself, etc.): Use the reflexive case as when it is both the subject and the object or to add emphasis
Ex. I see myself playing marimbas
He is going to treat himself to ice cream
I myself saw the murder.
She caught the killer herself.