1. Latin American Revolutions & The Rise of Nationalism

2. Setting the Stage:
The French ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity will inspire many Latin Americans to rise up against their French, Spanish, and Portuguese masters.
European Colonization, 1500s
Spain, Portugal, France
American Revolution, 1776
French Revolution
and Enlightenment, 1789
Napoleon’s conquests
within Europe, 1800s

3. Latin American – Social Structure
Peninsularies: People born in Spain.
Creoles: Spanish People born in Latin America.
Mestizos: People of mixed European and Native American ancestry.
Mulattos: People of mixed European and African ancestry.

5. Causes of Latin American Revolutions
Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
Creoles upset at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.
Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.
Spain & Portugal are busy fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

7. Haiti - Toussaint L’Ouverture
The Island of Saint Domingue which is modern day Haiti contained a large population of African Slaves.
In 1791, African slaves revolt.
They revolt because there is a larger population of slaves than slave owners.
Toussaint L’Ouverture – an ex-slave becomes the leader.
1804 – Haiti gains its independence.
1st black colony to gain its independence.

8. Slave Revolt turned Revolution

9. Mexico – Father Hidalgo & Agustin de Iturbide
Father Hidalgo led popular revolts in Mexico but ultimately failed to gain independence.
Rebels led by Agustin de Iturbide overthrew the corrupt Spanish viceroy creating an independent Mexico.
Iturbide tried to become emperor but was quickly overthrown.
Liberal Mexicans set up the Republic of Mexico in 1824.

10. Venezuela – Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar is known as El Libertador
He led a group of 7,000 Hatian and Mestizo soldiers into Veneszuela and in 1821 at Carabobo he defeated the Spanish and gained Venezuela it’s independence.
800,000 Venezuelans were killed
He also helped liberate Columbia, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru.
As a result, he creates Bolivia from Upper Peru and crowns himself President of Gran Columbia(the combined country made up of the places he liberated)
This new country was ultimately a failure which Bolivar abandoned in (right before his death)

11. Gran Columbia

12. Argentina/Peru – Jose de San Martin
Jose de San Martin was an Argentinean General who led independence movements in Argentina and Peru.
His army was made up of Argentinean soldiers.
He wanted to achieve freedom for all parts of L.A.
He used force to defeat the Spanish in Peru and gave the liberating duty over to Simon Bolivar.
He began the independence movement in Argentina which would lead to their freedom in 1816.

13. Results of Latin American Revolutions
Many countries rid themselves of imperialistic rule.
Destruction caused by independence leaves Latin America poor and disunited.
The rise of nationalism spreads back to Europe.

14. Nationalism: Case Studies Italy and German

15. What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation.

16. Nationalism
During the 19th and 20th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force that could:
Create one nation from many separate countries (ex. Italy and Germany)
Break one nation up into many countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)

17. Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI and WWII)
It has encouraged colonies to seek independence from their colonizers. (ex. India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa)

18. Nationalism – A Force of Unity or Disunity?
Throughout Europe many of the powerful empires are collapsing due to Nationalism
The Austro-Hungarian Empire Breaks Up
The Russian Empire Crumbles
The Ottoman Empire Weakens

19. Cavour Unites Italy
While Nationalism destroyed empires it also built nations
Italy was one of the nations to form from the crumbling European empires
Italy was controlled by Austria and Spain after the Congress of Vienna in 1815
Between Italians were no longer happy with living under foreign rule

20. The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870

21. Two leaders would emerge
Cavour
Mazzini

22. Giuseppe Mazzini
Organized a Nationalist group called Young Italy which revolted against Spain and Austria’s control
He believed that Nation-states were the best hope for social justice, democracy and peace in Europe
Mazzini’s rebellion failed and he was exiled

23. Camillo di Cavour
1852 Sardinia’s King named Camillo di Cavour prime minister
Cavour was wealthy, middle-aged aristocrat
He worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power

24. Cavour Conquers the North
Cavour knew he needed to get rid of Austria from Northern Italy
He allied with France and secured victories over Austria
Sardinia took over all of Northern Italy except Venetia

25. Cavour Conquers the South and Unifies Italy
After seizing control of the North Cavour turned his attention to southern Italy
Cavour helped southern Nationalist Rebels led by Giuseppe Garibaldi capture Sicily
After Sicily was captured Italy was Unified

26. Despite Unification Italy still had many problems
Rivalries between provinces especially the industrialized north and the agricultural south
Disorganized parties within the Italian parliament often argued
Also had economic problems

27. A German Nation is Forged

28. The Rise of Prussia Germany also achieved Unity in the mid 1800’s
states were in the German confederation
Two largest states Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia Dominated the Confederation

29. Rise of Prussia – German Unification

30. Wilhelm I – King of Prussia
1862 Wilhelm chooses a conservative Junker (wealthy landowning class) – Otto Von Bismarck as his prime minister

31. Otto von Bismarck
A master of the realpolitik – the politics of reality – tough power politics no room for idealism

32. Blood and Iron
“The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or by majority decisions that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 but by blood and iron”

33. Germany Expands
Bismarck worked to expand Prussia and mold(create) an empire
1864 Bismarck forms an alliance between Prussia and Austria
The alliance then went to war with many of the provinces within the German Confederation to gain control

34. Franco Prussian War
The Franco – Prussian War was the final state in German unification
Nationalist sentiments based on the victory against France lead the south to want to join the Prussians