1. The Road to WWI: Nation Building and the Growth of Nationalism
World History
Chapter 23

2. Progression of European History since 1500
Age of Absolutism
The Enlightenment

3. Progression of European History since 1500
Revolutions
Industrial Revolution

4. Progression of European History since 1500
Nation Building
By 1850, Europe was filled with large, powerful countries
Many European countries had colonized various parts of the world
Many people had strong feelings for their country that unified them
Nationalism
Political idea that stressed citizen’s membership and dedication to a nation
United people by common culture, values, language, history, and vision

5. Nationalism
With Nationalism, a power vacuum swept across Europe creating competition and tension
Various countries began lobbying for power, wealth, and prestige
Within a century, this tension would erupt in the biggest calamity that the world had ever seen, the First World War

6. Building the German Nation
Otto von Bismarck – was the Prime Minister of Prussia
Wanted to create a large, powerful German state
Began to build a large military to pursue an aggressive foreign policy
Policy of “blood and iron”

7. Building the German Nation (continued)
Otto von Bismarck led Prussia into three wars
Defeated Austria in 1866
The Franco-Prussian War, 1870
Bismarck rallied the Prussians against France
The Great German Ogre

8. Building the German Nation (continued)
After swiftly defeating France, princes in German states convinced King William I of Prussia to take the title Kaiser or emperor of Germany
Now Germany was a global force that the rest of the world had to contend with

9. Strengthening Germany
Germany had a large amount of iron and coal
Allowed them to industrialize quickly
Focused much of their attention on science, government, and industry
By 1897, Germany had the largest military in Europe
How did this impact other European nations?

10. Unifying Italy Divided Italy
Austria - Northern Italy
Hapsburg – scattered throughout Italy
France - Naples & Sicily (southern)
Nationalist focused on making Italy one, free, independent, republican, nation

11. Unifying Italy (continued)
Count Camillo Cavour – was the Prime Minister of Sardinia
He strengthened Sardinia’s economy
Improved agriculture
Built railroads
Supported free trade
GOAL: To expel Austrian power from norther Italy

12. Unifying Italy (continued)
In 1855, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia
This did not bring any territory to Sardinia
In 1858, Cavour made a deal with France
Napoleon III promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria
In 1868, Cavour provoked a war with Austria
France helped Sardinia defeat Austria

13. Unifying Italy (continued)
Cavour’s next goal was to add the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Giuseppe Garibaldi – nationalist from Sicily who wanted a unified Italy
Cavour aided Garibaldi with weapons and ships
Garibaldi quickly won control of Sicily
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy

14. Trials of the Italian Nation
Monarchy (King Victor Emmanuel)
Gave little voting power to the people
People fought out against the government to improve social conditions
Difficulty industrializing because of lack of resources (coal)
People had stronger ties to local areas than to the new nation
North: Richer with more cities
South: Rural and poor
Popes resented seizure of the Papal States and Rome
Popes felt like prisoners and urged Italians not to cooperate with their new government

15. Russian Reform and Reaction
Czars:
Russia lacked modernization
Czars (absolute rulers) saw the need to modernize, but resisted because it would undermine their rule
Social Structure
Landowning Nobles
Dominated society
Resisted change
Serfs
Laborers bound to the land
Serfdom had disappeared throughout Western Europe, except from Russia

16. Russian Reform and Reaction
Under Russian Industry workers demanded better wages and hours
The czar disregarded their protests
“Bloody Sunday”

17. Russian Revolution Revolution of 1905
Workers took over local government
Peasants demanded land
Riots, attacks
To end the unrest, Czar Nicholas II promised “freedom of person, conscience, speech assembly, and union.”
He agreed to have a national legislature

18. Russian Revolution (continued)
Nicholas dissolved the legislature when he received criticism from other leaders
This caused more riots
Peter Stolypin – Prime Minister, slowly began to add reforms to settle the people
Stolypin was killed in 1911
Left Russia as an autocracy – unrest among peasants and workers