1. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
Chapter 8 Pg. 244

2. Latin American Peoples Win Independence
8.1 Pg 247

3. Colonial Society Peninsulares - People born in Spain
Could hold high offices
Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America
Could not hold high-level offices
Could rise to military officers
Mestizos - People of mixed European & Indian Ancestry
Mulattos - People of mixed European & African

4. Revolutions Revolution in Haiti 500,000 enslaved Africans
Terror used to keep them inline
August 1791
100,000 Africans revolt
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Taken & imprisoned until 1803
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Declared independence
Haiti - Mountainous Land

5. Creoles Least oppressed in Latin America
Rebellions break out after Napoleon Appoints King
2 Generals
Simon Bolivar
Jose De San Martin

6. Mexico 1810 Miquel Hidalgo 80,000 men join Jose Maria Morelos 1820
Creoles Join revolutionary Forces
1821 States declare independence from Spain

7. Brazil Napoleon invades Portugal Royal Family flees to Brazil
1815 Royal family returns to Portugal
1822 Brazil asks Don Pedro to rule
He accepts
Bloodless revolution

8. Europe Faces Revolutions
Pg. 253

9. Philosophies Conservative - Wealthy, property owners, nobility
Liberal- Middle-class business leaders and merchants
Radical-Wanted democracy to all people

10. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism - belief that people’s greatest loyalty should be to the nation of common culture & history

11. Challenge Conservative Power
Greece
Part of the Ottoman Empire
Rebel in 1821
Won the side of Europe Nations
Russia, French, Britain guarantee Kingdom of Greece

12. 1830 Congress of Vienna breaking down Dutch, Italy, Poland
Order restored but not for long

13. France 1830 King Charles X tried absolute monarchy
Louis-Philippe takes power
1848
Louis Falls out of power
Paris mob establishes republic
Government falls apart instantly
Moderate constitution drawn up

14. France Cont. Dec. 1848 Louis-Napoleon wins election
4 years later Emperor Napoleon III
Encouraged industrialization
Public works
decreases unemployment

15. Russia 1820 Russian believe serfdom must end
Tzar reluctant to free them
1853 Russia tries to conquer Ottoman Empire in Crimean War
Lost because of industries & transportation
Alexander II moves towards Modernization

16. Russia Reform 1861 Serfs set free Peasants receive 50% of farmland
Nobles keep 50%
Gov’t paid for land
Serfs had 49 years to pay it off
Alexander III
encouraged industrial development

17. Nationalism
8.3 Pg. 258

18. Nationalism & Empires Austrian, Russian & Ottoman Empire
Prussia gains 21 political German states
Austria breaks up into Austria & Hungary….Austrio-Hungarian Empire

19. Russia
Tzar ruled Russians, 22 mil. Ukrainians, 8 mil. Poles among others
Russification - forcing Russian culture on other ethnic groups
Strengthened Nationalistic feelings
Broke up in 1917

20. Ottoman Empire
Controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians
1856 gave equal citizenship to all

21. Italy
Unified under Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia

22. Germany 1815 - 39 German states make German Confederation
Ruled by Prussia
Prussia mostly German people
Nationalism helped
Most powerful Army

23. Germany Otto von Bismarck Prussia Prime Minister Master of realpolitik
Politics of reality
Prussia attacked Denmark
Won two areas in quick victory
Unifies Germans & gives Nationalism

24. Germany Cont. Seven Weeks war Causes problems with 2 new territories
Austria declares war on Prussia
Prussia wins in 7 weeks
Annexes more German States

25. Germany Cont. Franco-Prussian War German states to the South -Catholic
Rest was Protestant
Felt unification could happen if they were threatened
Bismark manufactured “incident” with France
France invades Prussia
Army is surrounded and finally surrenders
Takes Versailles - King Wilhelm I crowned kaiser (Second Reich)

26. Shift in Power 1815 - 5 major powers
Britain, France, Austria, Prussia & Russia
Britain & Germany most powerful
Austria & Russia Far behind
France in the middle