1. Nationalist Revolutions
Chapter Eight

2. Political Philosophies
Conservative
Protected the traditional monarchies of Europe
Usually wealthy and/or nobility
Liberal
Wanted to give more power to parliament
Wanted educated and landowners to vote
Middle class merchants and business owners
Radical
Favored drastic change for democracy for all
Government should embrace Enlightenment ideas

3. Nationalism What is nationalism? What was the effect of nationalism?
The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history
What was the effect of nationalism?
Tore apart centuries-old empires
Gave rise to the nation-state
Opposed by conservatives

4. Types of Nationalism Unification Separation State-building
Merges culturally similar lands
Separation
Splits off culturally distinct groups
State-building
Binds separate cultures into one

5. Nationalism Causes Separation: The Ottoman Empire

6. Nationalism Causes Separation: The Ottoman Empire
Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire
Controls parts of present day Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and others
Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all ethnicities
Conservative Turks got angry: led to many ethnic problems

7. Nationalism Causes Separation: The Ottoman Empire
Battle of Navarino (1827)
British, French, & Russian fleet destroyed the Ottomans
Greece gained independence
Ottoman Empire ultimately falls soon after World War I

8. The Russian Empire

9. The Russian Empire Nationalism Shakes an Empire
Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities with different cultures
Used the policy of “Russification”
Forcing Russian culture on all peoples
Actually strengthened ethnic cultures

10. Russian History By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized
Society and economy based on the feudal system
By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom must end
Problem was the czar did not want to free them
It would anger the landowners
Czar needed support from landowners to stay in power

11. The Crimean War (1853-1856) Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
Russia lost the war
Industries & transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops
Proved that Russia needed to modernize

12. Reform in Russia Czar Alexander II
Committed to social and economic reforms
Freed the serfs in 1861 (Edict of Emancipation)
Was assassinated in 1881
Political and social reforms stopped

13. Reform in Russia Czar Alexander III
Tightened government control over country
Encouraged industrial development using nationalism

14. The Russian Empire Falls
The Russian Empire would eventually fall due to major problems during World War I
Russian Revolution of 1917
Result would be the creation of the Soviet Union

15. The Austrian Empire

16. Nationalism Shakes an Aging Empire
The Austrian Empire
Included people from many ethnic groups
Lost to Prussia in a war in 1866
Results
Split Austria & Hungary into independent states
Both ruled by emperor Francis Joseph
Called the Dual Monarchy
New Empire was “Austria-Hungary”

17. Views of Nationalism The Unification of Italy and Germany Italy
Nationalists use their common bond to build nation-states
Germany
Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

19. Nationalism: The Unification of Italy
Italian Unification
Italy forms from crumbling empires
Italians want independence from foreign rulers
Especially Austria

20. Nationalism: The Unification of Italy
Northern Italian Unification
Camillo di Cavour - Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia (1852)
Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land
Other northern kingdoms supported unification with Sardinia

21. Nationalism: The Unification of Italy
Southern Italian Unification
Led by Guiseppe Garibaldi
Known as the “Red Shirts” for their attire during battle
Leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy
Many in southern Italy supported and followed Garibaldi

22. Italian Unification Other important people for unification
Giuseppe Mazzini
Politician
Journalist
Activist
Known as the “Soul of Italy”

23. Nationalism: The Unification of Italy
Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia
Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule
1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy
A Constitutional Monarchy is formed
Control of Venetia, Papal States completes unification (1870)

24. Unification is Complete

25. The Unification of Germany
Beginning in 1815:
39 German states formed the German Confederation
Austria controlled the Confederation
Prussia
Mainly German population
Very powerful army
Creation of liberal constitution

26. The German Confederation

27. The Unification of Germany
Prussia controlled by the Junkers
Conservative wealthy landowners
Supported Prussian leader Wilhelm I
Otto von Bismarck named Prime Minister (1862)
Junker “realpolitik” master
Power politics without room for idealism
Based on the needs of the state
Used military force to achieve political gain

28. Otto von Bismarck
Kaiser Wilhelm I

29. The Unification of Germany
Prussia Expands
Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces
Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia
Seven Weeks’ war
Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war
Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany
Eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time

30. The Seven Weeks’ War

31. The Unification of Germany
The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans
Manufactured a political incident
Causes the French to declare war on Prussia
Prussia defeats France
Wilhelm is crowned “Kaiser” – emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles
Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

34. A Shift in Power Balance of Power is Lost
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe
Austria
Russia
Prussia
Britain
France
By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically

36. END