1. Gerunds & Infinitives Continued

2. Did you go shopping?
go + gerund

3. Special Expressions Some expressions are followed by gerunds…
We had fun shopping.
She had difficulty finding the flat.

4. IT + infinitive IT = infinitive
It is difficult to learn a second language.

5. Which is correct? I came here in order to study English.
I came here for studying English.

6. Adjectives + infinitives
We were sorry to hear the bad news.
I was surprised to see Ahmed at the store.

7. Infinitives with too and enough
The box is too heavy for Stephen to lift.
I am strong enough to lift that box.
What do too and enough mean here?

8. Past active forms: gerunds & inf.
Make to stop a past form
The rain seems…
to have + past participle
Make having (a second chance) a past form
I appreciate…
having + past participle

9. Past passive forms-- infinitives
Make to invite a passive form
I expect…
to be + past participle
Now make it past
Nadia was fortunate…
to have been + past participle

10. Past passive forms--gerunds
Make inviting a passive form
I appreciate…
being + past participle
Now make it past
I appreciated…
having been + past participle

11. Need + gerund and infinitive
I need to borrow some money.
Hanan needs to be told the truth.
The house needs painting.
The house needs to be painted.

12. What is the difference?
Miss Erica complained about our coming to class late.
Miss Erica complained about us coming to class late.
Miss Erica complained about Manal’s coming to class late.
Miss Erica complained about Manal coming to class late.

13. Formal vs. Informal

14. let + simple form (not infinitive)
My father let me drive the car.
Case where both are acceptable:
My father helped me sail the boat.
My father helped me to sail the boat.

15. Causative Verbs: make, have, get
X makes Y do something (simple) (force)
I made my students do their homework in class.
X has Y do something (simple) (request)
I had my students do their homework in class.
X gets Y to do something (infinitive) (peruaudes)
I got my students to do their homework in class.
X had/got object past participle (passive form)
They got their homework done.
How are the forms and meanings different?