1. German and Italian Unification
Big Picture:
Unification:What makes up a movement for unification?
Nationalism – Yes. But what does that mean?
One people (Culture) Yes.
One Language (possibly)
One type of Government (that is a problem!)

2. German and Italian Unification
Where? In the German and Italian States, before these unified countries existed…
When? 1850 – 1870
Why? The desire for a national state as a way of eliminating control by specific Royal families or foreign powers
How? Movements will follow a charismatic leader, and wars will have to waged.

3. German and Italian Unification
What does nationalism mean, and where does it come from?
Point 1 – 1815 – Congress of Vienna. Metternich and others sought to end any chance of another French Revolution
Hence, they were against nationalism, because it would mean an end to Monarchical, hereditary rule!

4. German and Italian Unification
Point 2: Some nationalists would seek states that represented issues like ethnic unity, instead of some hereditary Monarch, who might repress an ethnic majority.
Yet, inevitably, as we will see in Germany, even expressing nationalism means having to oppress others.

5. German and Italian Unification
Nationalists would make use of…
Language – unifies a people. (German or Italian language, instead of French!)
Folk culture – creates a sense of identify
Educational institutions – teaching what it means to be…German/Italian
Historians – promoting the past
Printed Material – to spread the word!

6. German and Italian Unification
Building Statehood:
Gather people of common heritage together. That would help to eliminate hereditary Monarchies
Some argued that a nation is like a species – a creation of God!
Hence, if God intended Germans to be autonomous, then it is a divine fact!

7. German and Italian Unification
Problems for Nationalists…
Which ethnic group should be predominant?
Which boundaries should be changed?
If war was to be waged, who could be trusted?
How could every group be represented?
What about the Balance of Power in Europe?

8. German and Italian Unification
These two areas, Germany and Italy, will become unified nations for similar and different reasons.
Let’s look briefly at them, side by side, and see the similarities between them.

11. German and Italian Unification
German States:
Prussia: Greatest State
Dynamic Leader
Bismarck: Like a Prime Minister. Runs the show
William I: King of Prussia
Italian States:
Piedmont Sardinia: Greatest State
Dynamic Leader:
Cavour: Like a Prime Minister Runs the show
Victor Emmanuel: Like a King of Sardinia
Mazzini/Garibaldi- Both want a Republic, Cavour does not.

12. German and Italian Unification
German States
Issues:
Prussia seeks a common German State
They will lead,others have to follow
Has to deal with liberals who do not want $ spent on the military
Austria, another German State, is nearly as strong as Prussia
Italian States
Issues:
Have never been unified since the fall of Rome
Have separate Agendas
North = Industry
South = Agriculture
Have a strong foreign presence in their area
Austria
France

13. German and Italian Unification
German States
Who wants what?
Bismarck – wants to increase the size of Prussia
If it mean a unified Germany, so be it
He is a Prussian before he is a German
William I – is willing to let Bismarck Run the show
Italian States
Who wants what?
Cavour – feels that a strong, industrial Piedmont will lead the rest of the States. $ = Power = unification
Mazzini and Cavour want unification based on political ideology: A Republic
Victor Emmanuel - is willing to let Cavour run the show

14. German and Italian Unification
German States
Obstacles to Unification
Austria- they are a powerful “German State” with a different agenda than Prussia
France: they control land that used to belong to Prussia
Political Differences- Between Bismarck and the wealthy classes (over $ for war)
Italian States
Obstacles to Unification
Austria – They control/manage Piedmont
France – They control parts of the Center of Italy
Political Differences – Between Cavour, who has no problem having a King as long as Italy is unified, and Garibaldi, who wants Italy to be a Republic.

15. German and Italian Unification
German States
Steps to Unification
Bismarck raises $ for the Military
Allies with Russia to Take back Schleswig and Holstein
Provokes Austria to was and crushes them in 7 Weeks War
Provokes France and crushes them (revenge for Napoleon)
Establishes Germany in 1871
Italian States
Steps to Unification
Sardinia Provokes Austria into battle and beats them (with French help)
Garibaldi gathers his army “Red Shirts” in the south, they conquer and move north
Cavour links with Garibaldi,and France is Finally is driven from Italy because they were being beaten by Prussia

16. German and Italian Unification
German States
Results of Unification
A strong, Industrialized and Militarized German
Austria is “on its own”
Increased Tension between France and Germany
The seeds of the Germany we will see in WWI
Italian States
Results of Unification
Division between North and South Italy
Political Unity, but not cultural or social unity
The connection,of Unification, between Italy and Germany that will make them allies in WWI & WWII

17. German and Italian Unification
Why is this important?
Germany, especially, once it is unified, will become the predominant power inn Europe
This Germany will arm itself, and will be the driving force leading up to WWI
Italy will, though it is a country, be less of a force, and will remain divided between its northern and southern regions.