1. Class 10 Grammar
Fall 2005

2. What you will need to know for the quiz:
Clauses
Phrases
Irregular Verbs:
to lie vs. to lay
Need to review?
• Four kinds of sentences
• Four kinds of complements

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Review
Kinds of Sentences
Complements

4. Four Kinds of Sentences
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Four Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
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5. Back to kinds of sentences.
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1. Simple Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate)
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant.
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6. Back to kinds of sentences.
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2. Compound Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.
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7. Back to kinds of sentences.
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3. Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant.
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8. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence
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4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.
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9. Definition: a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb.
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Complements
Definition:
a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb.
Click here for four types.
Click here for complements tree.

10. Four Types of Complements
1. Predicate noun (subject complement):
Rhoda became a star.
2. Predicate adjective:
Betty was courageous.
3. Direct Object:
Janet loves Jill.
4. Indirect Object:
Give me the hammer, please.
Question for review: Which are linking verbs?
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11. Back to kinds of complements.
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Sentences one and two
contain linking verbs:
Rhoda became a star.
Betty was courageous.
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12. Click here for clauses tree.
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Clauses
MAIN
SUBORDINATE
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13. Main Clause Definition: All sentences include a main
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Main Clause
Definition: All sentences include a main
clause (or independent clause)—
that is, a subject and a verb.
Example:
The dog jumped over the plate.
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Subordinate Clauses
Adjective
Adverb
Noun

15. Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
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Adjective Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun)
Example:
Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny.
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16. Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
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Adverb Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition)
Example:
Before we go, I must put on my shoes.
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Noun Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun
(as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive)
Click here for kinds of noun clauses.
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18. Kinds of Noun Clauses as subject as direct object as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as indirect object
As object of preposition
as appositive
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19. Noun Clause: As Subject
That it snowed surprised me.
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20. Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement)
The question was how to cross the bridge.
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21. Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition
You give the drum to whoever wants it.
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22. Noun Clause: As Direct Object
Chapin girls know that reading is fun.
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23. Noun Clause: As Indirect Object
Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish.
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24. Noun Clause: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen.
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25. Click here for phrases tree.
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Phrases
PREPOSITIONAL
VERBAL
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26. Back to kinds of phrases.
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Phrases: Verbals
Infinitive
Participial
Gerund
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Infinitive Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.”
Click here for kinds of infinitive phrases.
Question for review:
What is the infinitive alone?
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28. Back to infinitive phrase.
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to speak
(the infinitive)
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29. Kinds of Infinitive Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as appositive
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30. Infinitive Phrase: As Subject
To snow hard is a wonder.
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31. Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement)
The trick was to carry the egg slowly.
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32. Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object
Chapin girls like to study hard.
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33. Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen.
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Prepositional Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence)
Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).
Question for review:
Where is the appositive?
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35. Back to prepositional phrases.
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On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter.
(the appositive)
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Participial Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en)
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37. Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past)
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Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past)
Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing.
Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building.
Question #1 for review:
What are the participles alone?
Question #2 to test your knowledge
of gerunds vs. participles.
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of participial phrase.

38. Back to participial phrase examples.
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tapping
(present participle)
filled
(past participle)
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Gerund Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun)
Click here for kinds of gerund phrases.
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40. Which is the gerund? Which is the participle?
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus.
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41. Back to examples of participial phrases.
Participle: Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund: Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
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42. Kinds of Gerund Phrases
as subject
as direct object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as indirect object
as object of preposition
as appositive
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43. Gerund Phrase: As Subject
Running in water is good for your legs.
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44. Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement)
Her hope was getting a good seat.
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45. Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition
You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud.
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46. Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object
I love playing the piano.
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47. Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object
She gave playing the piano a chance.
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48. Gerund Phrase: As Appositive
Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her.
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49. To Lay: to put, place • Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
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To Lay: to put, place
• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.
• Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc.
• Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc.
To Lie

50. Click here to quiz yourself.
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To Lie: to recline
• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.
• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.
• Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc.
• Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc.
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51. The old man lay on the couch.
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Is this correct?
The old man lay on the couch.
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52. Home
Yes!
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53. Back to phrases.

54. Back to complements.

56. Click here for clauses.