1. Chapter Twelve: The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia
Section Five:
Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia

2. Enduring Understanding
The growth of civilizations in East Asia was greatly influenced by China, a developed civilization whose impact would be felt on this region for many years.

3. Essential Questions
How was Southeast Asia affected by the cultures of both India and China?
How did the spread of Indian influence differ from the spread of Chinese influence in Southeast Asia?

4. Academic Standards WH.3.8 – Trace the spread of Islam.
WH.9.1 – Identify and construct representations of historical change.

5. Geography of Southeast Asia
Two major regions:
Mainland Southeast Asia
Several peninsulas
Island Southeast Asia
More than 20,000 islands
Scattered between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea

6. Separation by Mountains
Mainland is cut off from the rest of Asia by mountains and high plateaus
Mountains also separate the four river valleys:
Irrawaddy
Chao Phraya
Mekong
Red

7. Trade Monsoons shaped trade routes
Between seasons, merchants harbored in the ports, creating trading and cultural centers
Original key product: spices

8. Early Traditions
Developed own culture before Indian and Chinese influences arrived
Many diverse ethnic groups who spoke many languages
Followed own religious and cultural patterns
Built around the nuclear family
Matrilineal societies

9. Indian Culture Spreads to SE Asia
Early centuries AD – Indian traders settled in large numbers
Gave presents to local rulers and married into influential families
Traded goods: cotton cloth, jewels and perfume for timber, spices, and gold
Indian beliefs and ideas spread quickly

10. Arrival of Islam 1200s: Muslims rule northern India
Traders then spread Islamic beliefs and Muslim culture
Today: Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world

11. The Pagan Kingdom Irrawaddy Valley in present Myanmar
1044: King Anawrahta united the region
Brought Buddhism to the area
Stupas – dome-shaped shrines
Lasted until 1287

12. The Khmer Empire
800 to 1350
Much of present-day Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia
Adapted Indian writing, math, architecture, and art
Hindu rulers with Buddhist subjects

13. King Suryavarman II Built temple complex of Angkor Wat in the 1100s
Ruins today overgrown with jungle and pockmarked by bullets
Carved figures tell Hindu myths and glorify the king

15. Srivijaya Empire 600s to the 1200s Controlled the Strait of Malacca
Blend of Indian beliefs into their own forms of worship based on nature spirits

16. Vietnam
China sent military forces to conquer neighboring state of Annam
Present day northern part of Vietnam
Heart of the area: Red River Delta
Conquered in 111 BC
Area absorbed Confucian ideas and Chinese culture
Mahayana Buddhism rather than Theravada Buddhism

17. Preserving Identity AD 39: Trung Trac and Trung Nhi led an uprising
Tried to restore simpler form of government
Trung sisters remembered as great martyrs in Vietnam today
939: Vietnam breaks free from China for good