1. Microbes and Producers Ch. 5 and 6

2. Viruses Considered to be non-living Not made of cells
Contain genetic info (DNA or RNA) within a capsid (protein coat)
Need a host cell to reproduce, sometimes destroying the host in the process
Bacteriophages: viruses that target bacteria

3. Viral Infection

4. Viruses and DOM
The bursting of cells can contribute to the dissolved organic matter (DOM) which can be a food source for bacteria and small zooplankton

5. Domains of Life The three domains which include all life are:
Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

6. Phylogeny

7. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

8. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

9. Domain: Eubacteria Eubacteria (Common Bacteria) Bacterial functions
Prokaryotes: simple, single-celled, no nucleus
Bacterial functions
Decay: breaking down wastes and decomposing dead matter into inorganic nutrients; oil-eaters
Photosynthesis: using sunlight to produce sugars

10. Domain: Eubacteria Types of marine eubacteria include:
Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria)
enriched Earth’s atmosphere with O2
Contain pigments:
Phycocyanin-blue pigment
Phycoerythrin-reddish pigment (the “red” in Red Tides)
Purple and Green Bacteria
Photosynthesize, but do not produce O2

11. Cyanobacteria
Chains of blue-green Cyanobacteria

12. Bacterial Photosynthesis

13. Living Tropical Stromatolites
Some of the oldest fossils found (~3 billion years old!) are of stromatolites, calcareous deposits made by cyanobacteria.

14. Domains of Life Archaea
Single-celled prokaryotes, like eubacteria, but genetically similar to eukaryotes.
Many are “Extremophiles”
Live in extreme environments (hot, cold, high/low pH, high saline, high pressure)

15. Metabolism Autotrophs: make their own food
Photosynthetic: use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make sugars
Chemosythetic: use chemicals (hydrogen sulfide, ammonium, nitrite, or iron) and oxygen to make carbohydrates

16. Metabolism
Heterotrophs: consume organic matter for energy by performing respiration
Aerobic: use oxygen for respiration
Anaerobic: do not use oxygen for respiration, they may not even grow in its presence
May use sulfate instead
of O2, causing a rotten egg
smell that you could find
in mud flats

17. Nitrogen Fixation
Many bacteria, like cyanobacteria, are nitrogen fixers.
They change atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates that can then be used as a nutrient by producers, like phytoplankton.

18. Nitrogen Fixation

19. Cycling of nutrients and Matter

20. Bacterial symbiosis
Many bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with a variety of marine organisms
Chemosynthetic bacteria live within tube worms and clams
Some bacteria create toxins that are used by other marine organisms (Pufferfish tetrodotoxin)
Some deep-sea or nocturnal animals host helpful bioluminescent bacteria
photophores
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21. Bacterial Symbiosis
Bioluminescence
Pufferfish
Giant tube worms

22. Domain Eukarya: Protists
Protists are a diverse kingdom of organisms that may share similarities with members of the other kingdoms.
Due to these similarities, we may classify them as:
Plant-like
Animal like
Fungus-like

23. Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Plant-like Animal-like
Perform photosynthesis
Eat food
Producers
Consumers
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Ex. Diatoms
Ex. Protozoans, Copepods, etc

24. Domain Eukarya Eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells
Examples:
plants
animals
fungi
algae
single-celled animal-like protozoa

25. Plant-like Protists Algae A green alga with flagella
Performs photosynthesis in chloroplasts
May have green, red, or brown (kelp) or pigments
Lack true leaves, stems, roots, and flowers
Maybe be able to swim with flagella
A green alga with flagella

26. Plant-like Protists Diatoms
Perform photosynthesis using golden-brown chloroplasts
Have glassy shells called frustules made of silica
Produce much of the oxygen in our atmosphere
Diatoms make thick deposits of biogenous sediment
Siliceous ooze
Diatomaceous earth: used by humans in filters, as insulators, and as abrasives in toothpaste

27. Diatoms in Diverse Shapes

28. Plant-like Protists Dinoflagellates
Most perform photosynthesis, but some also eat!
Important primary producers in warm waters
Maybe red, brown, yellow or other shades
Account for about half of all Red Tides
Many are bioluminescent (sea glow)
Possess two flagella (tails) for locomotion
Zooxanthellae have symbiotic relationships with many organisms and help form coral skeletons!
Toxic Pfiesteria blooms can cause sores on fish and massive fish kills

29. A dinoflagellate with wrapped and trailing flagella

30. Fish kill due to Pfisteria bloom

31. Red Tide
A brief video on a red tide off Florida’s coast.

32. Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates

33. Animal-like Protists Protozoans Foraminiferans Radiolarians Ciliates
Single-celled heterotrophs
Zooplankton
Primary Consumers
Very diverse, with an estimated 50,000 species
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians
Ciliates

34. Animal-like Protists Foraminiferans
Feed on diatoms using retractable pseudopodia
Have shells made of calcium carbonate
Become calcareous ooze when they die
Can eventually form limestone and chalk beds

35. Foraminiferans
Red Foraminifera skeletons form pink sands on the beaches of Bermuda.

36. Animal-like Protists Radiolarians
Like Foraminiferans, use pseudopodia to capture food
Have spherical spiny shells made of silica
Make lots of sediment in deep waters because silica doesn’t easily dissolve

37. Animal-like Protists Ciliates
Have lots of hair-like appendages called cilia.
Usually found on the seafloor or attached to unusual places
Paramecium

38. Animal-like Protists Ciliates
Tintinnids are a type of ciliate that builds its own vase-like case out of sand, called a lorica, to help it float

39. Domain Eukarya: Fungi Eukaryotic Most are multicellular
Have cell walls made of chitin
Function as important decomposers
May cause disease
Live symbiotically with green algae or cyanobacteria to form lichens
Lichens on tree bark

40. Check out this vid!
Crash Course Biology Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists