1. Kingdom Protista

2. General Characteristics
Any organism not classified as a—plant, animal, fungus, or bacteria (prokaryote).
Protists are eukaryotic having a distinct nucleus and organelles.
First Eukaryotes to evolve ~1.5 Billon years ago
Most protists are unicellular (one-celled) but some are multicellular.

3. Protists are primarily classified according to how they obtain nutrition:
Animal-like—heterotrophs
(eat other organisms)
b. Plant-like—autotrophs
They contain chloroplasts
and make their own food
(photosynthesis).
Fungus-like—
Decomposers/Heterotrophs
Didinium
Paramecium
eating
Green like plants!
Water mold

4. HOMEOSTASIS Structure Water Balance
Pellicle – rigid microtubules, maintains shape
Ectoplasm – outside cytoplasm
Endoplasm – inside cytoplasm
Water Balance
Water enters protozoa through osmosis
Contractile vacuole – maintains water and solute balance

5. REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction
Budding – pinching off of cell produces smaller daughter cell
Binary fission – mitosis produces two identical
offspring
Multiple Fission– cell division
that produces multiple cells

6. MOVEMENT Pseudopodia Pseudo – false Pod – foot Extension of cytoplasm
Cilia
Hairlike protein fibers
Movement and attachment
Flagella
Thin protein whip
Rotates or whips back and forth

7. Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)
Method of Movement:
Cilia—hair-like projections used for movement and feeding
Cytoplasmic streaming—pseudopod (false foot) extends and cytoplasm streams into it.
Video
Video

8. I. Animal-like Protists
Protozoan means “First Animal”.
Cells contain a nucleus.
Cells lack a cell wall.
They are heterotrophs.
Most can move on their own.
Little Animals

9. 4 Groups of Animal-like Protists
Sarcodines (SAHR-koh-dighnz)
Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts)
Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts)
Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH-uhnz)

10. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”)
Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.
Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food.
Many have shells.
These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

11. One type: Amoeba Most familiar Sarcodine. Pseudopods: Blob shaped.
Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside
Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

12. Amoeba:
Nucleus
Contractile Vacuole
Pseudopod
(False foot)

13. Split Personality
Amoebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary fission).
Amoebas can respond to their environment.
They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

14. Ciliates Have cilia on the outside of their cells.
Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

15. Type: Paramecium Pellicle: tough outer wall. Slipper shaped
Oral groove: like the mouth
Gullet: holds food.
Food Vacuole: digests food.
Anal Pore: removes wastes
2 Contractile Vacuoles
2 Nuclei
Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.
Type: Paramecium

16. Paramecium: Contractile Vacuole Nucleus Cilia Oral Groove
Collects and removes excess H2O
(Maintains homeostasis)
Nucleus
Cilia
Oral Groove
Used to collect food
Cell Membrane

17. Flagellates (Zooflagellates)
Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement.
Many live in animals
Symbiosis a close relationship, at least one benefits.
Mutualism: when both partners benefit.

18. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites.
They feed on cells and body fluids.
Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).
Pass from one host to another.
Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

19. Importance of Animal-like Protists:
a. Harmful
i. Disease-causing parasites spread by insect bites
1. Malaria—Plasmodium spread by mosquito
2. African Sleeping Sickness— Trypmosoma spread by Tsetse fly

20. Beneficial Recycles nutrients by breaking down dead matter
Food source—for other organisms
Mutualism—both organisms benefit
Example: Trichonympha—makes it possible for termites to eat wood. Termites do not have the enzymes to digest wood.

21. a. Flagellum—whip-like structure used for movement 2. Euglena:
Plant-like Protists
1. Method of Movement:
a. Flagellum—whip-like structure used for movement
2. Euglena:
Eyespot
For photosynthesis (light)
Flagella
Nucleus
Contractile Vacuole
Chloroplasts

22. Plant-like Protists (Algae)
Unicellular and Multicellular
Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)
Can move on their own
Autotrophs: make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis).
70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists!
Pigments: chemicals that produce color

23. 6 Groups of Plant like Protists
Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz)
Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz)
Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh-layts)
Red Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae

24. Unicellular Algae:
Phytoplankton provides a source of nourishment for other organisms
b. Protists recycle sewage and waste materials.

25. 1. Euglenoids Green Unicellular Live in fresh water
Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions.
Flagella
Eyespot: sensitive to light.
Chloroplasts
Pellicle

26. 2. Diatoms Unicellular 10,000 living species. Aquatic
Glass like cell wall
Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

27. 3. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Cell walls are like plates of armor.
Two flagella
Spins when it moves.
Colorful (pigments)
Can glow in the dark.
Causes Red Tide

28. Algal blooms are harmful when overgrown—deplete water of nutrients consequently killing fish.
Algal blooms called Red Tides cause illness, paralysis, and death of fish and even humans.

29. Multicellular Algae:
Examples---
Red Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae

30. Red Algae Multicellular seaweeds Live in deep ocean waters
Used for ice cream and hair conditioner
Used as food in Asia

31. Green Algae Most are unicellular Some form colonies
Few are multicellular
Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places.
Very closely related to green plants.

32. Brown Algae Commonly called seaweed
Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments.
Attach to rocks
Have air bladders
Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!
Used as food thickeners

33. Uses of Algae:
Algae is a good food source for life in the oceans.
Algae produces much of Earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis.
Algae is used to make sushi, ice cream, salad dressing, plastics, paint, agar.

34. Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophs Have cell walls.
Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives.
Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds
Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

35. Water & Downy Molds Live in water or moist places.
Tiny threads that look like fuzz.
Attack food crops
Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

36. Type: Slime Molds Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies:
The Fruiting Bodies contain Spores.
At first they look like amoeba, then later they look like mold.
Live on moist shady places.
Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

37. Fungus-like Protists:
Examples—
Slime molds
Water molds

38. Importance of Fungus-like Protists:
Beneficial—
Recycles dead organic material. Results in rich, topsoil providing nutrients for plants.

39. Harmful—
P. Infestans (water mold) caused Great Potato Famine in Ireland. This lead to the mass starvation of 1 million Irish people.