1. Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.
Kingdom: Protista

2. Similar to Bacteria Same Unicellular
One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.)
Microscopic
Can cause disease.
Can be parasites
Same

3. Difference from Bacteria
Has a nucleus.
Live in watery environment.
Generally live as individual cells.
Protists vary greatly in appearance and function.
Different

4. 3 Categories I. Animal-like Protists. II. Plant-like Protists.
III. Fungus-like Protists.

5. I. Animal-like Protists
Protozoan means “First Animal”.
Cells lack a cell wall.
Heterotrophs.
Most can move.
Little Animals

6. 4 Groups of Animal-like Protists
1. Sarcodines (SAHR-koh- dighnz)
2. Ciliates (SIHL-ee-ihts)
3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts)
4. Sporozoans (spohr-oh-ZOH- uhnz)

7. 1. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”)
Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.
Pseudopods are used to move and capture food.
Many have shells.
These shells form limestone, marble and chalk.

8. Ex: Amoeba Most familiar Sarcodine. Pseudopods: Blob shaped.
Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside
Food Vacuole: where food is digested.

9. Split Personality
Amebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary fission).
Amebas can respond to their environment.
They are sensitive to light and some chemicals.

10. 2. Ciliates Have cilia on the outside of their cells.
Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers.

11. Ex: Paramecium Slipper shaped Oral groove: like the mouth
Gullet: holds food.
Food Vacuole: digests food.
Anal Pore: removes wastes
2 Contractile Vacuoles
2 Nuclei
Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation.
Ex: Paramecium

12. 3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates)
Have a Flagellum: a long whip-like structure used for movement.
Many live in animals

13. 4. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites.
They feed on cells and body fluids.
Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells).
Pass from one host to another.
Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

14. II. Plant-like Protists (Algae)
Unicellular & Multicellular
Colonies (groups of unicellular protists)
Can move on their own
Autotrophs: 70% of the Earth’s oxygen is produced by Plant-like Protists!

15. 6 Groups of Plant like Protists
Euglenoids (yoo-GLEE-noydz)
Diatoms (DIGH-ah-tahmz)
Dinoflagellates (digh-noh-FLAJ-eh- layts)
Red Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae

16. 1. Euglenoids Live in fresh water
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic at the same time.
Flagella
Eyespot: sensitive to light.

17. Ex. Euglena
Have a flagellum to move to find food, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis if they can’t find food!
Have a contractile vacuole to pump out excess water.

18. 2. Diatoms Unicellular 10,000 living species. Glass like cell wall
Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

19. 3. Dinoflagellates Cell walls are like plates of armor. Two flagella
Spins when it moves.
Colorful (pigments)
Can glow in the dark.
Causes Red Tide

20. Red tides explained

21. Red Algae Multicellular seaweeds Live in deep ocean waters
Used for ice cream and hair conditioner
Used as food in Asia

22. Green Algae Most are unicellular Some form colonies
Few are multicellular
Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places.
Very closely related to green plants.

23. Brown Algae Commonly called seaweed
Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments.
Attach to rocks
Have air bladders
Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long!
Used as food thickeners

24. III. Fungus-like Protists
Heterotrophs with cell walls.
Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives.
Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds
Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

25. Water & Downy Molds Tiny threads that look like fuzz.
Attack food crops
Caused the Irish Potato Famine.

26. Type: Slime Molds Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies with spores
Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

27. Athlete’s foot, Blue cheese dressing, Mushrooms and more!
Kingdom Fungi
Athlete’s foot, Blue cheese dressing, Mushrooms and more!

28. The Characteristics of Fungi
Some unicellular
Most are multicellular
Have tube- like strands called hyphae

29. The Characteristics of Fungi
Feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)
Symbionts - mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism
Parasites - feeding on living tissue of a host. 

30. Fungi as Parasites & Pathogens

31. Fungi as Symbionts (Mutualism)

32. Fungi as Saprobes /Decomposers

33. Fungi growth
Have gills with millions of spores in them.

34. Reproduce by spores Spores are reproductive cells
Sexual (meiotic in origin)
Asexual (mitotic in origin)
Formed Directly on hyphae
Inside Fruiting bodies
Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.
The output of spores from one reproductive structure is enormous, with the number reaching into the trillions.
Dispersed widely by wind or water, spores germinate to produce mycelia if they land in a moist place where there is food.
Penicillium hyphae with conidia
Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body

35. HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS
Beneficial Effects of Fungi
Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling.
Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms).
Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies.
Harmful Effects of Fungi
Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth.
Animal and human diseases, including allergies.
Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).
Plant diseases.