1. Mendelian Genetics, Natural Selection and Evolution

2. In pg. 42 Why do you think this insect (s) looks this way?
How many insects are in this picture?
Why is this good or bad?

4. Do it now pg. 42
Why is having traits or phenotypes that help us to survive longer advantageous?

5. Do it Now pg. 42
Have you ever changed your ideas about anything? Did it happen over night or did it take time? What made you change your mind on this topic?
What causes change to happen?
Have cars or computers changed?
Get out several page extenders for today! ;-)

6. Game You will be put into groups of 5 – 7
Take a writing utensil to the line you are assigned to sit in.
You will be given verbal instructions it is important that you follow the instruction as given.
There will be questions to answer
Save your drawings they will go in your notebook.

7. Thru 1: Telephone game pg. 43
I think evolution is ________________ I think this because _________________________.

8. In pg. 44
Name something that has changed over time_____________, How did it change?__________________ was it better before it changed or after it changed?__________________Why or why not?____________________?

9. Do it now pg. 44
How have you changed over the course of your freshman year at Shadow Ridge High School? ________________________
Was it for the better? __________________

10. Geology notes for my.ccsd.net
get stamped

11. Geologic time notes pg. 45 Notes must be cornell style:
If you forgot questions in red on the left hand side of the page.
Vertical line down page – must be there no exceptions.
Answers in blue ink, black ink or pencil.
Five sentence summary in Green ink: Summary must be labelled by first drawing a line under the last sentence of notes then writing the word summary in green with a colon after it then writing your summary.

12. Earth History: Geologic Time

13. 1. What is Geologic Time? Geologic Time: It is very, very long.
Earth is estimated to be around 4.6 billion years old based on the rock and fossil record.
Geologic time is broken up into sections based on major changes in Earth .

14. 2. What are the Divisions of Geologic Time?
Largest Division: Eons
Eons divided into Eras:
PreCambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
Ceno - recent
Meso - middle
Paleo - ancient
Zoic - life
Eras are divided into Periods

15. 3. When was the PreCambrian
3. When was the PreCambrian? 543 million years ago to ~ 4 billion years ago (?)
“Age of Bacteria”
Oldest Era
Longest era because we know so little about the earth that long ago
Life: Very little life: only basic forms including bacteria, the oldest fossils ever found, seaweed, jellyfish, and worms
Photosynthesis of the seaweed added oxygen to the early atmosphere, paving the way for land life.

16. 4. What was the First Life?
One celled plants (algae) entered the fossil record approximately 3 b.y. ago (Precambrian).
Large colonies of this algae are called stromatolites.

17. 5. What were Atmospheric Changes?
Through photosynthesis, O2 was released into the atmosphere and ocean allowing animals to eventually evolve.

18. 6.When was the Paleozoic 543 million years ago to 248 million years ago?
“Age of the Fish”
Explosion of life in the sea: trilobites, shellfish, Fish
Life appears on land: Ferns, Amphibians
Pangaea formed
Largest mass extinction ever at the end of the Paleozoic. 90% of species became extinct.

19. 7. When was the Carboniferous Time
In Europe the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods are together called the Carboniferous period. Vast swamps and forests from that time created the huge coal beds found throughout eastern United States.

20. 8. When was the Mesozoic 248 mya- 65mya
“Age of the Reptiles”
Life: Reptiles are the dominant life on land. Dinosaurs exist. Birds appear. Forests of trees appear
Pangea broke apart during this peroid.
Dinosaurs become extinct in a mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic.

21. 9. When did Reptiles Appear?
Appeared in the Permian and quickly became the dominant life form.
9. When did Reptiles Appear?
…until Dinosaurs took over.
They ruled the planet throughout the Mesozoic era (the “Age of Dinosaurs”).

22. 10. When did Birds first appear?
Some of the dinosaurs are thought to have evolved into birds.
Archaeopteryx is the oldest fossil bird found to date.

23. 11. How did Dinosaur Extinction happen?
2. Meteorite impact causes multiple natural disasters
1. Volcanoes erupt and fill the atmosphere with CO2 and gasses that BLOCK the sun light preventing plant life…….

24. 12. What is Evidence of a Meteorite?
Layer of Iridium in rock layers

25. 13. When was the Cenozoic 65 mya- present
“Age of the Mammals”
Life: Large mammals appear, Humans appear
Ice Ages occur and ice sheets advance

26. 14. When did the Mammals appear?
Mammals first appeared in the Mesozoic as small rodents. After the dinosaurs were erased at the end of the Mesozoic, Mammals quickly evolved to become the dominant life form.
The Cenozoic is the “Age of Mammals”.

27. Present
We live in the Holocene epoch, of the Quaternary period, of the Cenozoic era.

29. Get out a sheet of loose leaf paper
Open books to page 397 Do 3 column Vocabulary.
get stamped

30. In pg. 46
When did the dinosaurs roam the earth?

31. Do it now pg. 46
What is the current Epoch, Period and Era of present time?

32. Go to the following Link Thru 1 - get stamped
Get a piece of white paper from Mr. Ossana or that Mr. Ossana passed out to you.
Create a poster using this link
Use your poster to compare (things in common) & (Contrast) Things that are different.
Poster must have pictures and be colored. Use pencils from side of the room.
Get your poster stamped before you staple tape or glue it to page 47.
Staple tape or glue your poster in on page Pg. 47.

33. Thru 2 pg. 47 get stamped
I think my original idea that is evolution………………….. is correct / incorrect because……….. which was supported or not supported in the comparison & contrast poster between Darwin and Lamark.

34. Thru 3: pg. 47 Calvin Cartoon get stamped
On the next slide look at the Calvin and Hobs Cartoon, but first read the instructions on this slide.
Answer the following question:
LaMarck vs Darwin: Read the following cartoon and explain how Calvin’s use of the stilts is like the evolution of the giraffe's neck……………….
This further helps support my idea of evolution because…………………………...

35. Calvin and Hobs Cartoon

36. Thru 4 Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ? Pg. 47 get stamped
When was Lamarck born?
Where was Lamarck born?
What were Lamarck’s ideas?
Did Darwin learn anything from Lamarck?
Explain Lamarck’s idea of use and disuse.
Does use and disuse follow the same principles that you learned in genetics?
Why or why not – Explain your answer for #6.

37. Do it again pg. 46
Who were Darwin and Lamark?

38. Out pg. 46
Why are some traits more advantageous than others?

39. In pg. 48
What is evolution?

40. Do It now pg. 48
How have your ideas of evolution and natural selection changed?

41. Cornell Notes pg. 49 get stamped
You have to make the questions. 4th quarter more responsibility.
Questions in Red
Answers in blue ink, black ink or pencil.
5 Sentence summary in Green.

42. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Part 1 get stamped

43. 1. What is Evolution of Evolutionary thinking (Pre-Darwinian)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ( ) – French naturalist, proposed a theory that organisms were driven by some inner force toward greater complexity. But thought that org. could pass on traits to their offspring that they acquired during their lives. (“Lamarckism”, proposed in 1809)

44. 2. What is Lamarckism?
Lamarck based his theory on two observations thought to be true in his day:
“Use it or lose it” - Individuals lose characteristics they do not require and develop those which are useful.
Inheritance of acquired traits - Individuals inherit the acquired traits of their ancestors.

45. 3. what is Lamarckism Continued?
Examples include: the stretching by giraffes to reach leaves leads to offspring with longer necks;
Strengthening of muscles in a blacksmith's arm leads to sons with like muscular development.
This theory was later disproved!

46. 4. When & Where was Darwin’s Voyage?
Charles Darwin
Set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1831
Became the ship’s naturalist
Arrived in the Galapagos Islands in 1835
Observed that the animals on the islands were similar to those on the mainland

47. 5. What animals did Darwin See on the Galapagos?
Galapagos Animals
The Galapagos animals, while similar, were also different from island to island as well as to the mainland
Most obvious difference were the sizes and shapes of the finches’ (small birds) beaks
Sizes and shapes of the beaks were adapted to what the birds ate

48. 6. What did Darwin Learn on his Voyage?
On the Origin of Species (Darwin’s book)
For the 20 years that followed his return to England Darwin studied plants, animals and adaptations
Darwin wrote about how species can change gradually over many, many generations and become better adapted to new environmental conditions.

49. 7. What is Evolution?
The gradual change in a species over time.

50. 8. What is Natural Selection?
Organisms that are better adapted to an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms that are less well adapted.

51. 9. What are Adaptations? Katydids have camouflage to look like leaves.
Non-poisonous king snakes mimic poisonous coral snakes.

52. 11. What are Factors that affect Natural Selection:
Overproduction most species produce far more offspring than will/can survive
Overproducers
Producers
mature rapidly 
mature slowly
short-lived: most die before they reproduce
live long lives: low juvenile mortality rate 
have many offspring - tend to overproduce
have few offspring at a time
invest little in individual youngsters 
care for their young
population not regulated by density: boom and bust population figures
population stabilizes near carrying capacity

53. 12. What are Factors that affect Natural Selection Continued?:
Competition: since food and resources are limited, the offspring have to compete to survive
Darwin called it: “Struggle for existence”

54. 13. What is variation?
Variation: Members within a species exhibit individual differences – these differences must be inheritable
Natural selection won’t work in a population of clones! Remember that a key to variation is sexual reproduction.

55. 14. Why is variation important?
Variation is important to help ensure the survival of a species against traumatic environmental influences.

56. Do it again pg. 48
What did Lamarck believe?

57. Out pg. 48
What did Darwin Believe?

58. In pg. 50
What does acquired traits mean?

59. Do it now pg. 50
Why are acquired traits important?

60. Thru 1 Pg. 51 – get stamped Cornell Notes
Title - Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection part 2

61. Cornell Notes pg. 51 – get stamped
You have to make the questions. 4th quarter more responsibility.
Questions in Red
Answers in blue ink, black ink or pencil.
5 Sentence summary in Green.

62. 1. What are Factors that affect Natural Selection:
Survival to reproduce: Only those individuals that are better suited to the environment will survive and reproduce (“Survival of the fittest”).
Fit individuals pass on to a portion of their offspring the advantageous characteristics.

63. 2. How do new species form? Natural Selection Continental Drift
Changes in environment
Mutations
Man

64. 3. What is Continental Drift?
Fossil records show that when the continents were connected animals walked across. When the continents separated, the animals were separated.

65. 4. What were Changes in the Environment?
Example, the pepper moth.
Originally, the pepper moth was white, which was good because it could blend in.
Then, trains were invented and the soot they produced covered the trees. Making the trees black. The moths that were black could now survive better.

66. 5. What are Mutations?
Some species are more susceptible to mutations. Some mutations allow the animal to survive; other mutations do not allow the animal to survive. The mutations that are not decrease the chance of survival remain.

67. 6. How does man influence Artificial Selection?
Selective breeding as practiced by humans on domesticated plants and animals….
For example: Dogs

68. Thru 2 Pg. 51 – get stamped
I now understand that evolution is________________________ and it relates to natural selection because _____________________________________. Artificial selection is influenced by man because___________________________ and this leads to___________________________.

69. Thru 3 pg. 51 – Yes write everything below that is in red – get stamped
You are a dog breeder and you are going to make millions designing one dog and it is going to be the best dog ever, then everybody will want to breed from your dog!
Explain the traits you are going to have in your dog, explain why you picked these traits and explain why these traits are advantageous over the traits other dogs have.
What dogs are going to be breed to make your dog and how are you going to select for the traits that you want in a dog?

70. Do it again pg. 50
What were Changes in the Environment?

71. Out pg. 50
How does man influence Artificial Selection?

72. In pg. 52
What is Continental Drift?

73. Do it now pg. 52
What are advantageous alleles? Why are advantageous alleles important?

74. Thru 1 – Butterfly activity pg.53
Peppered moth explanation & discussion – Environmental change.
Pick an area in the classroom where your butterfly will be camouflaged, you can’t pick anywhere that is white or blending in with white.
Use pencils on side counters to color and camouflage your butterfly, then cut butter fly out and put into your notebook until part two of the experiment.

75. Thru 2 pg. 51 Yes I said 51 because this is where it was to begin with.
Your perfect dog
You designed the perfect dog the other day, now draw, to the best of your ability what that dog will look like.

76. Finish any unfinished work or assignments.
Get everything stamped from page 42 – 53
Each page must be stamped.
Come up and get a lunch pass if you would like one.

77. In pg. 54
How has change effected your life?

78. Do it Now pg. 54
Why is change important?

79. Cornell Notes pg. 55 Natural Selection and Evolution Notes Part 3.
You have to make the questions. 4th quarter more responsibility.
Questions in Red
Answers in blue ink, black ink or pencil.
5 Sentence summary in Green.

80. 1. What is the Fossil Record?
How fossils form
An organism dies and becomes buried in sediment
Minerals gradually replace the bones and more sediments cover the fossil
Pterodactyl
Trilobite

81. 2. What are Similarities in Body Structure?
If the two organisms have body structures that are similar, they must have had a common ancestor.

82. 3. What are Similarities in Early Development?
Scientists look at embryos of different organisms and find that many embryos resemble one another.

83. 4. What are Vestigial Structures?
Vestigial Structures A structure found in an organism that is no longer in use but may have been useful at some point in the organism's life.
Whales possess a femur and pelvis, but these bones are no longer useful to the mammals.
Tail Present in human and all vertebrate embryos. In humans, the tail is reduced; most adults only have three to five tiny tail bones and, occasionally, a trace of a tail-extending muscle.

84. 5. Who has Vestigial Structures?
Why do dogs have tiny, functionless toes on their feet (dewclaws)?
Ancestral dogs had five toes on each foot

85. 6. Why Similarities in DNA important?
The more similar the sequences of DNA are, the more closely related the organisms are.
Humans and chimpanzees DNA is more similar than human DNA is to dog DNA.

86. 7. What are the Patterns of Evolution?
Divergence
Adaptive radiation
Convergence

87. 8. What is Divergent Evolution?
New species develop traits that differentiate them from their ancestors
Divergence accounts for descendants that differ from their ancestors and from one another

88. 9. What is Convergent Evolution?
Unrelated animals develop similar body forms to fill same niche

89. 10. What is Adaptive radiation?
Mammals filled ecological niches vacated by dinosaurs
Greatest mass extinction occurred millions of years before us- the dinosaurs
More than 90% of all species died out – the animals that remained filled the gap

90. 11. How we know what happened when?
Radiometric Dating
Stratigraphy
Molecular clocks

91. 12. What is Radiometric Dating?
Radioactive Dating (Absolute Dating)
Rocks that fossils are found near contain radioactive elements.
The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half the atoms in an element to change into a stable element (carbon 14 into carbon 12)

92. 13. What is Stratigraphy?
Fossils from organisms that died longer ago are buried deeper in the sediment/rock than fossils from organisms that died more recently.

93. 14. What are Molecular clocks?
When a stretch of DNA does indeed behave like a molecular clock, it becomes a powerful tool for estimating the dates of lineage-splitting events.

94. Summary 5 sentences Green

95. The End (?)