2. Primordial Atmosphere
Composition: Methane, Ammonia, Water Vapor, Small Amounts of Nitrogen & CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
Extremely high temps converted methane into CO (Carbon Monoxide) and Hydrogen
Origin of the Earth
Collision that formed the moon
Main Source of
Water:
Comets
Asteroids

3. Second Atmosphere Earth cooled & water vapor turned liquid
Millions of years of rain (created our oceans)
Mix of water & gases created acid rain, adding new minerals to Earth’s surface
End: Left the atmosphere mainly nitrogen & CO2
Meteorite
Bombardment
1st day without
clouds

4. Third Atmosphere Anaerobic life dominant
Overtime changed Hydrogen & CO2 Methane & Water & Sulfates
Ozone layer formed, but most oxygen was used to oxidize minerals on the surface & in the oceans
Sunlight increased in intensity

5. Third Atmosphere
Organisms began to convert CO2 + H2O  O2 + Sugars (photosynthesis)
Anaerobic life started to die with increase of oxygen making way for aerobic life (about 10%)
Sunlight increased in intensity

6. Present Atmosphere
Plants increased oxygen levels causing fires (lightening)
Mass Extinction (volcanic eruptions) made CO2 increase
Return of plants made our present atmosphere
Composition Today:
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Mix of Argon, CO2, Neon, & Trace Gases

7. Patterns?
With an increase in CO2 (Carbon dioxide) – the planet is hotter Volcanoes, Animals
With an increase in O2 (Oxygen) – the planet is cooler Plants, Bacteria

9. Original Surface Cooled Molten Rock Quartz Feldspar
Water & Gases =
New Minerals
Cooled Molten Rock
Quartz Feldspar
Silicon dioxide Mix of silicates & minerals
(Granite)
Low Density

10. Soil Formation 1. Solid Bedrock Time Weather Movement
2. Rock gets broken
down
3. Sediment breaks
down more
Microbes
Insects
Moisture
Decomposition
Plants
Animals

11. Carbon Cycle Contributors: Animals/Humans (Respiration)
Burning Fossils Fuels
Geologic Activity(Volcanoes, Evaporation)
Absorbers:
Plants (photosynthesis)
Oceans (Rain dissolves & stores it)
Atmosphere
Sediment (Turns carbon into dirt & rocks)

12. Current Geosphere CLIMATE AREAS DETERMINE SOIL TYPE COLD HOT COLD
Temperature
Moisture
Original Bedrock
Plant Life
Topography
COLD
CLIMATE AREAS
HOT
DETERMINE SOIL
TYPE
COLD

13. Surface Evolution (Weathering)
Mechanical:
Temperature
Frost Wedging
Organic Activity
Abrasion
Chemical:
Water
Oxidation
Carbonation
Sulfuric Acid
Plant Acids
Factors Affecting Rate of Weathering:
Rock Composition
Climate
Exposure Time
Surface Area

14. Mechanical Weathering (Physical)
Temperature
Expand & Contract
EX. Deserts
Frost Wedging
Water seeps into small cracks, freezes and expands, which enlarges cracks
EX. Potholes
Organic Activity
Caused by living things
EX. Plants/Animals
Abrasion
Physical breakage
EX. Rock slides

16. Chemical Weathering Water Oxidation Carbonation Sulfuric Acid
Dissolves minerals
Forms acids when mixed with gases in the atmosphere
Oxidation
Chemical reaction with oxygen
Carbonation
Carbon dioxide + water = Weak Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Pollutants dissolve in rain
Plants Acids
Weak acids dissolve minerals

18. Surface Evolution (Erosion/Deposition)
Process that moves rock & soil from one place to another
Erosion moves materials; deposition builds new landforms
Deposition
Process by which sediments are laid down in new locations

19. Gravity Pulls rocks and soil down slopes Rock Slides Landslides
Avalanches

20. Wind Drastic in hot/dry climates with little to no vegetation
Produces an oasis

21. Running Water Faster moving water = greater erosion Waterfalls Rivers
Streams

22. Glaciers These carry HUGE rocks, piles of debris over great distances
Scratch/grind the surface
Best for deposition

23. Waves Constant movement of water shapes coastlines
Coral reefs help to weaken the wave’s speed

24. Life Materials get moved from place to place
Digging tunnels underground (animals)
Excavation/Mining
Construction
Gardening