1. Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Starr Biology book
How Cells Release Stored Energy
8.1 ATP Is Universal Energy Source
Photosynthesizers get energy from the ___________ to make carbohydrates during photosynthesis
Animals get energy second- or third-hand from plants or other organisms
Regardless, the matter/energy is ___________ _____ and converted to the ___________ bond ___________ of ATP

2. Importance of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process where cells break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy
C6H12O6(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(l) +energy

3. Respiration - chemical bonds of food molecules are broken down
New bonds form in resulting chemical products
ALWAYS takes energy to break chemical bonds
Energy is ALWAYS released when new bonds broken
More energy is released than consumed
Progression of Reaction
A B  C D
___________ ___________

4. Electron Carriers aka _______________
NADH
Donates electrons in cellular processes
NAD+
___________ electrons in cellular processes
FADH2
FAD+

5. L.E.O. goes G.E.R.
Lose Electrons ___________
Gain Electrons ___________
O.I.L. R.I.G.
Oxidation if lost
Reduction if gained
Reduction and Oxidation are paired reactions often called ______________ reactions.
The transfer of electrons releases/traps energy
HYDROGENS ALSO substitute in THESE situations

6. Energy for most cellular processes are supplied by: ___________
Typical human cell estimated to contain 1.0x109 molecules ATP
Continually broken down to ___________ + Pi
Release energy to do work
Reformed to be used again

7. Section 8.2 Glucose A ___________ sugar (C6H12O6)
Atoms held together by ___________ bonds
Glucose is used by…
In-text figure Page 126

8. Glycolysis Takes place ________ the presence of oxygen
Greek for “Sugar splitting”
Glucose molecule (___carbon sugar) breaks down to two pyruvate molecules (___ carbon sugar)
Takes place ________ the presence of oxygen
Occurs in the ___________ (cytosol) of the cell
Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) moves into the mitochondria via a transport protein

9. Glycolysis Key Steps Energy-requiring steps
Two ATP molecules are used - an ________________of energy to break glucose into 2 molecules of _____________
Energy-releasing steps
Redox reactions occur 2 NAD+  2 ______
Enough energy is released to join 4 ADP molecules with 4 P molecules  this forms 4 _______ molecules

10. ENERGY-REQUIRING STEPS fructose–1,6–bisphosphate
Glycolysis
ENERGY-REQUIRING STEPS
OF GLYCOLYSIS
glucose
ATP
2 ATP invested
ADP P
glucose–6–phosphate P
fructose–6–phosphate
ATP
ADP P P
fructose–1,6–bisphosphate
DHAP
Fig. 8-4b, p.127

11. Glycolysis 2 ATP produced ATP ADP P pyruvate H2O ATP ATP
Fig. 8-4d, p.127
Glycolysis
NADH
NADH
ATP
ATP
2 ATP produced

12. Glycolysis When complete, cell has consumed
one glucose molecule, 2 ATP
produced
2 ATP molecules, two NADH molecules and two pyruvate molecules
These ATP molecules are available to do cell work (the others continue into the next cycles)
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
2 pyruvate
2 NAD+
2 ATP
4 ADP + Pi

13. CELLULAR RESPIRATION- Section 8.3 Second Stage Reactions- OVERVIEW
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
____________ is oxidized into two-carbon acetyl units and carbon dioxide
NADH traps energy (NAD+ is reduced)
CITRIC ACID CYCLE- KREBS CYCLE
The acetyl units are broken down (oxidized) to __________ __________
NADH and FADH2 trap energy (NAD+ and FAD are reduced)

14. Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate oxidation is a chemical ____________ connecting glycolysis in cytoplasm with the Kreb’s cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
The 2 pyruvate molecules must be transported through the _____ mitochondrial membranes into the matrix

15. Key Steps in Pyruvate Oxidation
One __________ is removed from each pyruvate – CO2 released as a ______________ product
Energy released from pyruvate trapped in ________
Remaining 2-C compounds become an acetic acid group
Coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to acetic acid - forms __________________
This acetyl-CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle- Krebs cycle

17. Key Steps of the Krebs Cycle
Krebs cycle occurs ____________ for each molecule of glucose processed
Acetyl-CoA enters and releases the CoA enzyme, which is __________________ for the next pyruvate and the Acetyl is further _________________ _____________
During one cycle
three NAD+s and one FAD are ___________ forms three NADHs and one FADH2
one ADP + Pi combine to form one _________
two __________ molecules are produced and released as waste

18. Key Features of the Krebs Cycle
ALL 6 carbon atoms of glucose have been oxidized to CO2
Released from cell as ____________ waste
All that remains is some free ____________ in form of ATP and high-energy NADH and FADH2
NADH and FADH2 go on to Electron Transport Chain
Here much of their energy will be ____________ to ATP

19. The Krebs Cycle Overall Reactants Overall Products Acetyl-CoA 3 NAD+
FAD
ADP and Pi
Overall Products
Coenzyme A- ____________
2 CO2 - ____________
3 NADH - ____________
FADH2 - ____________
ATP - ____________

20. Section 8.4 Electron Transport Chain
OVERVIEW
Occurs in the inner membrane of ________________
Coenzymes deliver NADH and FADH2 to the electron transfer chain (inner membrane)
Oxygen is ______________
Water is _____________
__________ is produced

21. Stage 4: Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis

22. Key Steps for Electron Transfer
___________________ AND ________________ are removed from NADH and FADH2 (releasing energy)
NADH breaks down to NAD+, _______ (hydrogen ion), and _______ (electron)
FADH2 breaks down to FAD+, 2H+, and 2e-
Each molecule has a specific role:
NAD+ and FAD+ are recycled to capture more energy
The electron transfers thru membrane and providing ___________ to _________ H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane.
This generates a H+ concentration _________________

23. Key Steps for Electron Transfer
ATP is produced when hydrogen ions __________ back through channel protein called __________________________.
This enzyme adds _________________ to ADP to generate ATP! = CHEMIOSMOSIS
Each glucose molecule produces ____________ ATP molecules 
The remaining H+ ions, e- and oxygen form _______________.

24. Summary of ATP Energy Harvest (per 1 molecule of glucose)
Glycolysis
___ ATP formed
Prep Step and Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain

25. Where does the ATP go?
After ATP molecules are formed by chemiosmosis they are transported through both mitochondrial membranes
Used to drive processes requiring energy
Examples:

26. Section 8.5 Anaerobic Pathways aka Fermentation
Do _______ use oxygen
Produce less ATP than aerobic pathways
Two types of Fermentation Pathways
________________________ Fermentation
_________________________ Fermentation

27. Fermentation Pathways
Begins with ______________in the cytoplasm
Yield only the __________ from glycolysis
Steps that follow glycolysis serve only to regenerate NAD+ to capture more energy from the next glycolysis cycle

28. Alcoholic Fermentation used by _______and some plants
glycolysis
C6H12O6 2
ATP
energy input
2 ADP
2 NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation used by _______and some plants
____________________ is formed 2
NADH 4
ATP
2 pyruvate
energy output
2 ATP net
ethanol formation
2 H2O
2 CO2
2 acetaldehyde
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 ethanol
Fig. 8-10d, p.132

29. Lactic Acid Fermentation used by ____________
glycolysis
C6H12O6
ATP 2
energy input
2 ADP
2 NAD+ 2
NADH 4
ATP
2 pyruvate
energy output
2 ATP net
Lactic Acid Fermentation used by ____________
and other microorganisms; produces Lactic Acid
electrons, hydrogen from NADH
2 lactate
Fig. 8-11, p.133

30. Questions #1-8
How does glycolysis result in a net gain of two ATP molecules?
What is the role of pyruvate in cellular respiration?
In what two ways is the Krebs cycle important for making ATP?
How does the electron transport chain depend on the Krebs cycle?
Explain the functions of electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen in the electron transport chain.
What is the relationship between glycolysis and fermentation?
How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? Different?
Describe the similarities and differences between cellular respiration and fermentation.