1. RISE OF EUROPEAN NATION-STATES
THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES

3. England
England was invaded by Angles and Saxons in the 5th century

4. William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion
In 1066 the English king dies without an heir and two men claim the throne
Harold – an Anglo-Saxon nobleman
William – Duke of Normandy and distant relative to the king
The English nobility name Harold as their new king
William feels cheated and decides to take the throne by force
Many knights join William in this invasion because they are hoping to get land if they are victorious
Oct. 14th, 1066 – William of Normandy lands with his army on the shores of England
William defeats King Harold at the Battle of Hastings and becomes the new king
He is now known as William the Conqueror

6. One of the first things William does as king was to claim all the land in England as his
He divided the land into fiefs and gave it to his Norman knights as a reward
These new nobles owed William their loyalty
William and the Normans introduced French culture into England
French becomes the language of the nobility and the court
Only lower classes and peasants speak English
Domesday Book – census taken on where people lived, what they owned, and how much they could afford to pay in taxes
William used this to create a central tax system

7. King John and the Magna Carta
Many nobles started to fear that the king would abuse his powers and take away nobles’ rights
The nobles rebelled against their king and King John is defeated on the battlefield
The nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta – “Great Charter”
Gives rights to the nobles that the king can’t take away and places limits on the king’s power
Set forth ideas about limiting government and executive power
King can no longer arrest and punish people without following legal procedures

9. Parliament
Created by King Edward I of England
it included nobles, clergy members, and representatives from every county and town
Had the power to create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking, it was also another way to limit the power of the king

10. France
Most of France was in the hands of powerful nobles, including the king of England
This was a problem because these nobles owned more land and had more power than the king and ruled as they pleased
The rule of Philip II Augustus was the turning point in the growth of the French monarchy
He is known for increasing the income and power of the French monarchy
The Estates-General was created by Philip IV the Fair and it is the French version of parliament
It included representation of the three estates (classes)
First Estate = clergy
Second Estate = nobles
Third Estate = commoners

11. Holy Roman Empire
This was the German area of the Middle Ages and had been the eastern part of Charlemagne’s empire
It was divided into numerous small states, ruled over by dukes and princes
It was ruled by an emperor who got into power by being elected by seven Electors
This territory became known as the Holy Roman Empire
Called holy because it had the pope’s support
Called Roman because Charlemagne had held the title Emperor of the Roman People when he ruled that area

12. Map/Image

13. Spain Spain had been conquered by Muslims in the 700s
Called Moors by the Christians
The Reconquista was a series of campaigns by the Christian kingdoms in Spain to retake their lands from the Muslims in Spain
It was led by the largest of the Christian kingdoms, Castile
These Christian kingdoms won victory after victory over the Moors
In 1492 the last Muslim stronghold was defeated in with the defeat of Granada
A major step in unifying Spain occurred with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469
They pursued a strict policy of conformity to Catholicism
1492 they expelled all professed Jews and Muslims from Spain
To be Spanish was to be Catholic

15. The Catholic Church
Christianity had become the main religion of the Roman Empire and spread throughout Europe as part of the Roman Empire
The Catholic Church played a significant role in the lives of the people by providing unification and stability for people in Europe during the Middle Ages
The Church developed a system of organization
The pope was the head of the entire Roman Catholic Church – formerly the Bishop of Rome
Priest was the head of a local community called a parish

16. Monk = a man who separates himself from everyday life to dedicate himself entirely to God,
lives in a monastery run by an abbot
Spent lots of time in prayer and physical labor, took a vow of poverty
Monks worked to spread Christianity throughout Europe
Called missionaries = people sent out to carry a religious message
Nuns were women who dedicated themselves to God and they lived in convents
Popes used several things to punish people and show power
An interdict forbids priests to give the sacraments (Christian rites) to a particular group of people
Could also excommunicate people = to cast out of the Church

17. Heresy and The Inquisition
Heresy = denial of basic Church doctrines, or beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church
People who committed heresy were called heretics
They were usually burned at the stake as punishment
The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics
The Spanish Inquisition was the most brutal and was still operating in the 1800s
The two groups it went after the most were Jews and Muslims

19. Decline of Church Power
Over time Popes became corrupt and used their position for wealth and power
The Great Schism divided Europe religiously and damaged the reputation of the Church
This was a time when there were two popes, both claiming power