1. The Industrial Revolution and Classical Liberalism
Chapter 5: to what extent have did classical liberalism meet the needs of society?

2. Impact of Classical Liberalism
Classical Liberalism puts greater focus on individual freedom
Several liberals argued that the free exchange of goods between nations could lead to world peace. The changing economic and social conditions of the 19th century led to a division between neo-classical and social liberals who agreed on the importance of individual liberty. Classical Liberalism stresses the importance of human rationality, and is an ideology that embraces the principles of individualism:
Rule of Law
Rights and Freedoms
Private property
Economic freedom
Self-interest
Competition

3. The Industrial Revolution
The era know as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England ( ). The Industrial Revolution made Liberalism and capitalism the dominant forces in Europe. Economic changes expanded the middle class and the promise of equal opportunity gave people a chance to improve their standard of living and achieve material gain. The growth of business opportunities and explosion of consumer products led to the belief that capitalism and progress were one and the same.

4. Robber Barons
Business owners were perceived as greedy because they did not share profits with workers.
Classical Liberals would disagree, however, and say that they were simply collecting the financial reward for taking business risks.
Robber baron is a derogatory term used for a powerful 19th century American businessman. By the 1890s, the term was typically applied to businessmen who were viewed as having used questionable practices to amass their wealth.

5. Income Gap and Cost of Living
Income gap comprises disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income within or between populations or individuals. Income gap varies between societies and historical periods
Factors that impact income gap are:
Greater inequality in wages and salaries, wealth condensation, taxes, tax havens, education, computerization/growing technology, racism, gender, culture, development patters, innate ability and nepotism
Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living.
Cost of living calculations are also used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas

6. Challenges of the Working Class
Classical Liberalism was challenging for workers until governments created legislation to protect the workers and improve the living conditions in the cities; life for the new class of workers was demanding
Poor working conditions, low wages, long hours, crowded living conditions, slums, poor sanitation were prevalent.

7. Child Labour
Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.
During the Industrial Revolution, workers, including children, were exploited while rapid urbanization led to the creation of slums and poor living conditions.
In response, new ideologies competed for popular support. Among them were Socialism and Marxism (we will be studying these fairly soon)
Each ideology attacked the new societal structures

8. Charles Dickens and the Industrial Revolution
Charles Dickens portrayed the Industrial Revolution as a dirty and melancholy era.
In the novel, Oliver Twist, hard times are expressed through touch labour and long hours with little pay
The children in the novel symbolized the harsh child workers of the time
Dickens’ Hard Times portrays the bourgeoisie of the time as strict, demanding, and arrogant
This displays Dickens’ views of the upper class and their demanding attitude

9. Evolution of Liberalism
Due to the emerging problems in society, governments began putting restrictions on laissez-faire capitalism
Modern Liberalism extends Classical Liberalism by widening the scope of every individual’s freedom as an empowerment and transforms the principle of equal liberty into social equality

10. Factory Acts
They were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the UK to limit the number of hours worked by women and children
The Factory Acts were first introduced in the textile industry and later in all industries

11. Labour Unions
The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating labour unions to help advance the interests of working people
Labour unions were groups of people who try to improve the working conditions and wages for either a specific group of workers or an entire industry
The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing consequent cessation of production
Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production
Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining

12. The Welfare State
As voting rights were extended to a wider range of the population in the 1800s, governments had to pass laws and introduce policies and programs that were in the interests of many different groups if they wanted people to vote for them.
The introduction of government programs (EI, old-age pensions) resulted in the eventual formation of the welfare state
Welfare State: a society in which government plays a large role in providing for the needs and common good of its citizens
Some examples: education, health care, employment and disability insurance, public housing, social assistance, etc.
Classical Liberals argue strongly against creating a welfare state because they believe that it creates a dependence on government and discourages innovation and motivation in people
Supporters of the welfare state disagree and suggest that when people are healthy, safe, and economically secure, they are better able to be creative innovative

13. Evolution of Individual and Collective Rights
In the late 1800s, with the evolution of Classical Liberalism, individual rights were better addressed
Individual rights are associated with equality before the law and protection from the state
Example: the Magna Carta
With the course of time, as Modern Liberalism evolved, the collective rights were all pointed

14. Early Feminism
With the Industrial Revolution, many women worked in factories under the supervision of men
Many men were threatened by the introduction of women into the workforce and fought to limit what jobs women could do, and hours of work and wages for women
By the mid 1800s, many believed that equality should be extended to women
The suffrage movement is considered the first wave of feminism

15. Protection of Human Rights
In their pursuit of ensuring basic needs, a decent standard of living, and safety and security for all people, liberal governments began to define and identify human rights
The UN adopted the United Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.this document contains some of the rights that early liberal thinkers believed to essential to the progress of humankind, including:
The right to vote
The right to be treated equally by the law
The right to liberty and freedom of thought and worship
The right to own private property
By the mid to late 20th century, the extension of individual rights and freedoms to all people regardless of their race, economic status, sexual orientation, nationality, or gender, became a focus of modern liberal governments
Today, human rights violations are monitored around the world and reported through the UN, the media, and other organizations

16. To what extent did Classical Liberalism meet the needs of society?
Classical Liberalism is not intended to meet the needs of society
It helps the needs of the individual that in turn benefits society as a whole with a level of efficiency that no managed system can approach
Classical Liberalism is a decentralized and cooperative system that responds automatically to needs of society because there is personal incentive to help address the needs of others

17. Videos for your Reference
1001 Inventions and the Library of Secrets:
The Industrial Revolution :