1. Beginning of Fitna 3rd Caliph - Uthman ibn Affan
Angry mob murdered?/assassinated? Uthman
Leads to Civil War (Fitna) + Sunni – Shi’a Split
Shi’a – Supporters of Ali
Sunni – Supporters of Muawiya & previous Caliphs
(656 CE) Ali’s supporters name him the new caliph
He did not bring Uthman’s assassins to justice = suspicious
Muawiya (Uthman’s cousin) begins civil war (Fitna)

2. Fitna (Civil War) Muawiya controlled Territory
Ali’s forces win major victories over Muawiya (Umayyads) & are about to win Civil War when Muawiya asks for truce:
Ali accepts truce  Umayyads use time to regroup & conquer Egypt (wealthy territory that will help them continue to fight)
Ali is assassinated
Ali’s son Hassan appears to have no desire to rule & allows Muawiya to take control of the Caliphate
Muawiya controlled Territory
Ali controlled Territory

3. Umayyad Caliphate Muawiya takes control of the Caliphate in 661CE
Conquer Iran, Afghanistan, and most of Pakistan
Conquer, and convert, the Berbers of North Africa
Push into Iberian Pennisula (Spain/Potugal)
Burned boats so no turning back!  Tours 732CE
Largest Empire to that time! (5th Largest Ever!)

4. Umayyad’s Stopped
Umayyad Empire was stopped at the Battle of Tours (732CE) by Charles “the hammer” Martel. The Byzantines were able to hold them off in the east due to their use of Greek Fire (ancient Napalm).

5. Changing Empire Muawiya changed the Empire:
Moved the Capital from Medina to Damascus (More Central)
Organized Government in Byzantine Style (kept positions)
Began practice of appointing son the next Caliph

6. Non- Muslims in Caliphate
Didn’t want Islamic converts but forced to deal with it when Umayyads started having kids with conquered people.
Mawali – Muslim converts
Pay propety taxes + higher taxes
Not full citizen
Could not hold office
Jizya – a head tax on all non-believers
Dhimmi – People of the Book
Jews & Christians were majority of the population
Not forced to convert since already worship the same god.
Had to pay property tax and Jizya
Easy to accept Islam because not persecuted

7. Family in Umayyad Caliphate
Strengthened Women’s position in society
Equality of men and women
Prevented Female Infanticide
Women’s Rights:
Have a say in who the married
Legal rights in marriage & Divorce
Dowry to the Woman (not her family) after a divorce
Did NOT have to wear veils
Could participate in politics
Go to school, get most jobs, and participate in law and trade

8. Decline of Umayyad Less Money for the Empire:
Conversions to Islam led to less tax revenue
Umar II made all Muslims equal (discontent)
Lack of expansion = lack of plunder
Umayyad moved away from origins (Islam) = resentment
Leadership Inherited
Started Harems
Lived in Luxury

9. Decline of Umayyad 747CE major Shi’ite revolt in northeastern Iran
Caused by growing unrest among non-Arab Muslims
Demanded more access to political power.
Many felt the Syrian Arabs had gained too much power
They called themselves the Abbasid after Muhammad’s uncle (al- Abbas)
Gained support of Shi’ite & Mawali
Had been treated like 2nd Class Citizens

10. End of Umayyads Abbasids won a major battle of River Zab.
Abdallah invited the Umayyad family to a banquet
Umayyads thought it was a peace offering/ reconciliation
Had the 80 Umayyads murdered during dinner
Wrapped in blankets and finished meal
Those Umayyads not at the dinner were hunted down and killed
Abd al Rahman escaped and fled to Spain with a few other Umayyad’s
Set Up Umayyad Caliphate in Spain

11. End of Umayyads