1. PROGRESSIVE ERA s-1920

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Who were the Progressives?
What reforms did they seek?
How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period ?
Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

3. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

4. Progressivism WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” 1901 1917
WHO? “Progressives”
urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women
WHY? Address the problems arising from:
industrialization (big business, labor strife)
urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption)
immigration (ethnic diversity)
inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

5. HOW? Progressivism Democracy – government accountable to the people
WHAT are their goals?
Democracy – government accountable to the people
Regulation of corporations & monopolies
Social justice – workers, poor, minorities
Environmental protection
HOW?
Government (laws, regulations, programs)
Efficiency
value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution P
wikipedia

6. Origins of Progressivism
“Muckrakers”
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902)
Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)
Wadsworth.com;
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens

7. MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

8. MUNICIPAL REFORM municipal reform: How cities were run
utilities - water, gas, electricity, trolleys
Shoe line--Bowery men with gift from Tim Sullivan, February, 1910
"Big Tim" Sullivan, a New York City ward boss, rewarded "repeat voters" with a new pair of shoes. Sullivan once explained, "When you've voted ‘em with their whiskers on, you take ‘em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote ‘em again…Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote ‘em a third time with the mustache…[Then] clean off the mustache and vote ‘em plain face. That makes every one of ‘em for four votes." (Library of Congress) Pageant 13e Reader’s Companion
Shoe line - Bowery men with gifts from ward boss Tim Sullivan, February, 1910

9. strong mayor system MUNICIPAL REFORM MAYOR
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
CITY SERVICES
council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
COUNCIL MEMBER
CITY MANAGER
CITY SERVICES

10. STATE POLITICAL REFORM
secret ballots
direct primary
Robert M. LaFollette
Seventeenth Amendment (1913)
Direct Election of Senators
initiative
referendum
recall
Wadsworth.com
Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor

11. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS professional social workers
settlement houses - education, culture, day care
child labor laws
Enable education & advancement for working class children

12. STATE SOCIAL REFORMS workplace & labor reforms eight-hour work day
improved safety & health conditions in factories
workers compensation laws
minimum wage laws
unionization
child labor laws
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913

13. State Social Reform: Child Labor
“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911
Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908
(1) Description: Child Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana Photographer, Lewis W. Hine; Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration;
(2) Description: Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C The overseer said apologetically, "She just happened in." She was working steadily . photographer, Lewis W. Hine;Credit: Nartional Archives and Records Administration;
(3) The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal. Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal, as attested by this 1911 headline. (Library of Congress); Pageant 13e History Companion
(4) Lewis W. Hine. Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911.;"On other side of shed still younger children were working. Out of sixty working,... I counted 15 apparently under 12 years of age. Some 3, 4, and 5 years old were picking too.... Boss said they went to work at 3 A.M. and would quit about 3 or 4 P.M." ; PBS American Photography
Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911
Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

14. Settlement Houses Settlement Houses Hull-House – Jane Addams
Hull House today: (1906 picture)
Jane Addams (1905)
Hull-House Complex in 1906

15. TEMPERANCE Temperance Crusade
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Anti-Saloon League
Frances Willard ( ), leader of the WCTU
Anti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

16. TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION
Eighteenth Amendment
Henretta, America’s History 4e from
Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

17. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
To what extent did economic and political developments as well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the position of American women during the period ?
(1997 DBQ)

18. WOMEN “women’s professions” “new woman”
A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food, nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

19. Women’s Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Carrie Chapman Catt
Wadsworth.com
Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

20. Woman suffrage before 1920
Thomson Wadsworth Wadsworth.com

21. Women’s Suffrage Alice Paul National Woman’s Party
Nineteenth Amendment
Equal Rights Amendment
Suffragette Banner 1918
Description: Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. The first picket line - College day in the picket line line, 1917;Credit: Library of Congress.
Description: The 19th amendment; Credit: Library of Congress
19th Amendment
National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917
(All: Library of Congress)