1. THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROME
FROM CITY TO EMPIRE (PART I)
THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROME

2. THE FOUNDATIONS OF ROME
Preview
PART I:
Starting Points Map: Italy and the Mediterranean
Roman Civilization Develops
Quick Facts: Etruscan Influences
The Conflict of the Orders
Quick Facts: Checks and Balances in the Roman Government
PART II:
The Republic Expands
Faces of History: Two Commanders of the Punic Wars
Rome’s Boogey Man: HANNIBAL

3. BIRTH OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
PART I
BIRTH OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

4. LEARNING GOALS By the end of this lesson students will be able to:
explain how Rome grew from a small town on the banks of an Italian river, to control the entire Mediterranean region
describe why Rome become a republic, and explain how it functioned

5. The region

6. ROMAN CIVILIZATION DEVELOPS
“All roads lead to Rome.” “Rome was not built in a day.” “When in Rome . . .”
How did Rome win such a place in modern popular culture?
Peninsula logical place for emergence of mighty empire
juts south from Europe far into Mediterranean Sea
lies almost halfway between eastern, western boundaries of the sea
protected by mountains, sea
rich soil, mild climate
Italy’s Geography
legend: Romulus and Remus, twin brothers raised by she-wolf; founded city 753 BC
members of Indo-European tribe, Latins, reached Italy 1000s BC; built Rome
city prospered partly from location on Tiber River
valuable trade routes, easy access to sea
The Founding of Rome

7. THE ETRUSCANS Rome first ruled by Latin Kings
came under Etruscan rule, 600 BC
Etruscans came from northern Italy
evidence found at cemeteries indicates Etruscans great metalworkers, jewelers
Etruscan culture heavily influenced by Greeks
Etruscans had great influence on Roman society

8. Examples of etruscan influence

9. What advantages did Rome’s location give the city?
Summarize
What advantages did Rome’s location give the city?
Answer(s): protected by mountains; sea provided protection and transportation; had rich soil, pleasant climate; located on major trade routes; Tiber River provided easy access to the sea

10. THE CONFLICT OF THE ORDERS
Etruscan Rule Ends
Etruscans ruled Rome until about 509 BC
Romans revolted, threw out last of kings, setup new type of government
Republic—elected officials governed state – NEVER HAVE KINGS AGAIN!!!
Who were the ‘Patricians’?
aristocratic families – wealthy and powerful
patrician families controlled all society—politics, religion, economics, military
maintained power through patronage system
Who were the ‘Plebeians’?
from beginning, common people, plebeians, challenged patricians for power
invaders threatened 494 BC; plebeians refused to fight until changes made
patricians knew they would have no army, expanded plebeian rights

11. Resolving conflicts Plebeian Council The Twelve Tables
after receiving new rights, plebeians formed own assembly, Plebeian Council, to oversee affairs and protect interests
gained right to elect officials known as tribunes
Tribunes’ job—protect against unjust treatment by patrician officials
gained right to veto—ban laws that seemed harmful, unjust
The Twelve Tables
450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all laws written down
laws displayed in Roman Forum, central square, on 12 large bronze tablets
because laws were posted, patrician judges could not make decisions based on own opinions or secret laws

12. Republican government
Patricians, plebeians worked out practical constitution
Consisted of three parts: Senate, popular assemblies, magistrates
Initially dominated by patricians; all state offices later open to both patricians, plebeians
New Offices and Institutions
Senate: 300 members, advised elected officials, controlled public finances, handled all foreign relations
Popular assemblies: in these all citizens voted on laws, elected officials…
Magistrates: governed in name of Senate and people, put laws into practice, acted as priests…
Elements of Government

13. ROMAN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT 509-31 BCE
CONSULS (2)
PRAETORS (8)
CENSORS (2)
AEDILES (4)
QUAESTORS (4)
SENATE (300)
JUDICIAL BRANCH
DICTATOR
EXECUTIVE BRANCH/
MAGISTRATES
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
Assembly of Centuries
ASSEMBLY OF TRIBES
CONCILLIUM PLEBIS
COMITIA TRIBUTA
POPULAR ASSEMBLIES

14. The magistrates Censors Consuls Praetors Quaestors
two appointed - held imperium (full power) for 1 year term
chief executives, army commanders
could veto (forbid) each other
Censors
recorded wealth, residence of population (census)
‘policed’ the Senate, in charge of public morality
Praetors
primarily judges, could act for consuls if consuls away at war
after terms ended, given military commands, appointed provisional governors
Quaestors
served as assistants to consuls
oversaw the financial administration of the republic

15. Republican checks and balances

16. Why do you think the Romans established a republic?
Draw Conclusions
Why do you think the Romans established a republic?
Answer(s): possible answer—They wanted a system of laws to keep peace within their expanding empire.

17. PART II
The republic expands

18. Learning goals By the end of this lesson students will be able to:
explain how Rome became a world power
describe Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean

19. ROME ORGANIZES Growth Military Might Roman Army
As Rome’s government changed, the Roman population continued to grow
Rome needed more land for expanding population
Began to settle surplus population on land acquired by conquering neighbors
Military Might
Successful expansion not possible without powerful army
All Roman men between ages 17 and 46 with minimum amount of property required to serve in army during times of war
Roman Army
Organized into units called legions (approx men), backbone of which were centurions (commanders of 100 men units)
Army highly disciplined, well-trained force, could fight in all types of terrain

20. EXPANSION BEGINS The Conquest of Italy The Conquest of Sicily
265 BC, Romans had defeated Etruscans and Greek cities in Southern Italy
Romans imposed two strict conditions on subject people—subjects had to provide troops for Roman army, abandon any dealings with foreign nations
Other than those conditions, Rome rarely interfered with domestic affairs of people it conquered
The Conquest of Sicily
Once in control of Italy, Rome turned attention to Sicily, large island to south of Italian Peninsula
In Sicily, Rome came into conflict with Carthage, powerful North African trading city
Conflict grew into series of three wars
Punic Wars raged for nearly 80 years

21. THE PUNIC WARS
Violence between Rome and Carthage broke out in 264 BC. Because the First Punic War was fought mostly at sea, Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the early fighting. Soon, however, the Romans built a navy of their own and were able to defeat Carthage.
Violence soon broke out again
218 BC, Carthaginian general Hannibal led army across Pyrenees, Alps to invade Italy
Hannibal ravaged Italy, defeated every army he faced
Romans needed new strategy
Hannibal
Romans decided to take war to Africa
General Publius Cornelius Scipio sailed to Africa, besieged Carthage
Forced Hannibal to sail home
Scipio defeated Hannibal, took Carthage, won Second Punic War
Scipio
The Romans had defeated Carthage, but it did not destroy the city as many citizens had wanted.

23. CARTAGO DELINDA ES!!!
Huge losses of Second Punic War remained in memories of many Romans…
149 BC Rome decided to destroy old enemy once and for all
Declared war on Carthage for third time
After siege of three years, Carthage fell
Romans enslaved entire population, completely destroyed city
They banned any people from living there

24. THE CONQUEST OF THE EAST
Punic Wars raged in western republic; Rome involved in politics of eastern Mediterranean
Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedonia, Persia, and Egypt fought constantly; Greek city-states feared being conquered
City-states sought alliance with Rome
Romans, Greek allies fought, and defeated Macedonia, Persia
Both became Roman provinces
Eventually Romans annexed Greece as province as well
Romans adopted many elements of Greek culture, particularly art
Macedonia, Persia
Romans also borrowed ideas of religion from Greeks, adopted their gods but changed the names
Not all Romans happy with growing Greek influence, thought Rome should remain purely Roman
Influence continued for many years
Greek Culture

25. How did Rome come to dominate the Mediterranean world?
Consolidation:
How did Rome come to dominate the Mediterranean world?
Answer(s): by conquering its Mediterranean neighbors, including Carthage and Greece